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Thursday 21 November 2013

123) Currency and Coinage of Gibraltar, an Overseas Territory of Great Britain:



123) Currency and Coinage of Gibraltar, an Overseas Territory of Great Britain:

The Name:

Gibraltar derives its name from the Arabic “Jebel Tariq” (meaning “mountain of Tariq”) which refers the “Rock of Gibraltar” named after the Umayyad general Tariq ibn-Ziyad who led Arabic forces into Iberia in 711 under the command of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. An earlier name given to Gibraltar was “Mons Calpe” and it was recognised as one of the “Pillars of Hercules”.

In 1501, after a history of Arabic possession and later, passing through several other hands/rulers, Gibraltar came into Spanish possession.

In 1704, Gibraltar was captured from the Spanish, by an Anglo-Dutch fleet, representing the Grand Alliance, on behalf of Archduke Charles of Austria in his campaign to become King of Spain.

Later in 1713, by the Treaty of Utrecht, the Grand Alliance ceded control of Gibraltar to Britain. Since then, Gibraltar is regarded as a British Overseas territory.

Spain tried to recapture Gibraltar at least twice in great force, because of its strategic importance, once during the Siege of 1727 and again through the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779-1783), but was unsuccessful on both occasions.

By 1805, Gibraltar was a key naval base for the British Navy and the famous Battle of Trafalgar was fought against Spanish and French Allied ships where Admiral Horatio Nelson’s small fleet comprehensively defeated a numerically superior Allied Fleet.

In 1969, through a referendum, Gibraltar voted to remain British, leading to Spain completely closing its border with Gibraltar and severing all communication links.

In 1981, all Gibraltarians were granted full British citizenship.

In 2002, Gibraltarians, again, overwhelmingly rejected a proposal of shared sovereignty which was put before them by both Britain and Spain.

Later efforts to involve Spain in the Administration of Gibraltar have also not yielded any results.

Historical Development of the Gibraltar currency:
During 1825 – 1872 the Real” or the Spanish “Real de Plata” was the currency of Gibraltar along with British and Gibraltarian coins.

From 1872, the Spanish currency became the sole legal tender in Gibraltar.

In 1898, the Spanish-American War led to devaluation of the Spanish Peseta and the British Pound was introduced as the only currency in Gibraltarboth in coins and Banknotes, although the Spanish Peseta continued to be accepted as payment.

Since 1927, Gibraltar has issued its own Banknotes and its own coins since 1988.

Gibraltar Banknotes:
The monetary unit in Gibraltar is the pound sterling.
In 1914, the first Banknotes were issued in Gibraltar under emergency wartime legislation – Ordinance 10 of 1914, to assist the Anglo-Egyptian Bank. As such, along with Anglo-Egyptian Banknotes, British Territory Banknotes were now in circulation in Gibraltar. This Ordinance did not create a separate currency, but conferred on the Government of Gibraltar the authority to print currency Notes. These Banknotes were in the denominations of and 1, 5 and 50 pounds.
In October 1915, legislation was passed for issue of currency Notes by the Government of Gibraltar but this legislation was formally enacted in 1927 and Gibraltar continued printing its own Banknotes. The 2 shillings and 50 pound Banknotes were not continued from 1927 onwards.
Later, the Currency Notes Act of 1934 gave Gibraltar the formal/exclusive right to print its own Banknotes and the obligation to back and exchange each printed Note with sterling reserves at par.
In 1971, the 10 shilling Banknote was replaced by the 50 pence coin, upon decimalisation of the currency in Britain.
In 1975, 10 and 20 Pound Banknotes were introduced.
In 1986, 10 and 50 pounds Banknotes were issued.
 In 1988 the 1 Pound Banknote was discontinued.
In 1995, a new series of Banknotes was introduced which for the first time bore the words “Pound Sterling” rather than just “Pounds”.
On 08.07.2010, a new Series of Banknotes in the denominations of 10 and 50 Pounds were issued.
On 11.05.2011, the 2010 issues were supplemented by 5, 20 and 100 Pound sterling Banknotes.
Gibraltar Banknotes, although denominated in pound sterling, are not legal tender in Britain, although Gibraltar coins may be sometimes found in circulation in Britain. On the other hand, British coins and Bank of England Banknotes, freely circulate in Gibraltar.
Recent Banknote issues after 1986:

1986 issues:
The Front of the 10 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the castle and key of the crest/emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote also features the Rock of Gibraltar. On the top is mentioned “Issued by the Government of Gibraltar”. The date of issue is mentioned as 21.10.1986.

The Back of the 10 Pound Banknote shows the House of Assembly, Gibraltar’s Parliament, which is the main building of the Piazza area of Main Street in Gibraltar.

The Front of the 50 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the castle and key of the crest/emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote also features the Rock of Gibraltar.  On the top is mentioned “Issued by the Government of Gibraltar”.
  The Front of a 50 Pound Banknote from the collection of Jayant Biswas
The Back of the 50 Pound Banknote shows a magnificent aerial view of the Rock of Gibraltar taken from the south from an aircraft, right over the Strait of Gibraltar. 
The Back of the 50 Pound Banknote from the collection of Jayant Biswas
1988 issues:
The Front of a 1 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the castle and key of the crest/emblem of Gibraltar. Also shown is the Rock of Gibraltar as seen from the sea (from the west). The Banknote is denominated as one pound. On the top is mentioned “Issued by the Government of Gibraltar”.
                                This Banknote is from the collection of Jayant Biswas
 The Back of the 1 Pound Banknote shows the Governor’s residence called “The Convent”
 This has been the official residence of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728. Prior to that, it was a convent of Franciscan friars who occupied it in 1531. It is believed that the Convent is haunted by the Grey Lady – who was a Franciscan Nun who was caught trying to elope with her sweetheart. The adjacent King’s Chapel formed a part of this convent. It has been the garrison church since the British took Gibraltar and inside, beneath the colours of several British Regiments, lie the remains of two British Governors.

The Front of the 5 Pound Banknote shows the same design and features as the one pound Banknote.

The Back of the 5 Pound Banknote exhibits the same view of the Governor’s residence as on the one Pound Banknote. The colour of this Banknote is green.

1995 issues:
The Front of a 10 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the castle and key of the crest/emblem of Gibraltar. (Notice that the word “sterling” is not used on this Banknote, as in the later Banknotes). Also shown is an image of the lighthouse at Europa Point and a “Koehler Gun”. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar”.

(The Koehler Gun: The Koehler Depression Carriage was invented in February 1782 by Lieutenant Koehler during the Great Siege (1779-1783). The height of the Rock coupled with the proximity of the Spanish lines to Gibraltar meant that a steep angle was required to fire down on the enemy lines. The method for stopping cannon balls from rolling out of cannon barrels was to use tight wadding, however, the conventional carriages could not withstand the power of the recoil from such a steep angle of discharge. Koehler’s carriage overcame this problem and became crucial in the defence of Gibraltar throughout the Great Siege).

The Back of the 10 Pound Banknote shows an image of the Great Siege and a portrait of General Augustus Eliott.

(The Great Siege (1779-1783): In July 1779, Gibraltar was besieged by an Allied force of French and Spanish troops. By August 1779, it was clear that they intended to starve out the garrison. The defenders held out despite all odds. On 13.09.1782, the Allies initiated a grand attack involving about 100000 men, 48 ships and 450 cannon. Under great hardship, the garrison withstood the assault and by February 1783, the siege was lifted). The Great Siege was the 14th and last attempt to take Gibraltar by force, by means of a siege. The defence of Gibraltar was under the command of General Eliott against the combined Allied Force of France and Spain kept Gibraltar under British Rule.

The Ceremony of the Keys:  This is a re-enactment of the locking of the four gates into Gibraltar. During the Great Siege, the Governor, General Sir George Eliott would carry the keys with him everywhere. It was rumoured that he even slept with them under his pillow at night.

The image on this stamp shows Vice Admiral Sir Adrian Johns, the Governor of Gibraltar (2009-2013) handing over the four keys during the Ceremony of the Keys.

The Front of the 20 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, as well as the castle and key of the crest/emblem of Gibraltar. In addition, it has Barbary Partridges, the Gibraltar Candytuft plant and a cannon. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar”.



The Back of the 20 Pound Banknote shows an image of HMS Victory returning to Gibraltar after the Battle of Trafalgar and a portrait of Admiral Horatio Nelson. The image on this Banknote shows a dismasted HMS Victory, Nelson’s Flagship being towed to Gibraltar after the battle, bearing Nelson’s mortal remains, as it nears the Rock of Gibraltar The inscription on the Back is “HMS Victory Returning to Gibraltar 1805”.

The Battle of Trafalgar: Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson had called at the port of Gibraltar several times prior to the famous “Battle of Trafalgar” (on the Southern tip of Spain) in 1805, which was fought close to Gibraltar, where a famous victory was won by the British, but Nelson lost his life (The battle was fought between 33 Allied ships of France and Spain against 27 British ships of which only 12 were battle-worthy as against 22 ships of the Allies. Over 18 Allied ships were lost or captured, as against none of the British ships). 

2000 issue:
This Banknote is designated as the millennium issue.

The Front of the 5 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. Also shown is a dolphin, an ancient vase from the Gibraltar Museum. The Banknote is denominated as five pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar”.

The Back of the 5 Pound Banknote shows 3 dolphins, a Rock Ape and a view of the Rock from the marina and a cable car that carries visitors to the top of the Rock from where they can get a panoramic view of the Strait of Gibraltar on one side and the Mediterranean Sea on the other.

2002 issues:
The Front of the 10 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. Also shown is a Koehler depression gun from the Great Siege. The Banknote is denominated as Ten pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar”. The date of issue is mentioned as 10th September 2002 (which is Gibraltar’s National Day (Gibraltar having voted on 10th September 1969 to remain British).

The Back of the 10 Pound Banknote shows an aerial view of Casemates Square, Barbary Partridges and Swallowtail butterflies. The National Day is celebrated in Casemates Square every year.

2004 issues:
In 2004, Gibraltar issued a 20 Pound Banknote celebrating its Tercentenary.

The Front of the 20 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote also shows a Barbary Partridge, a cannon with the Rock of Gibraltar in the background. The Banknote is denominated as Ten pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar Tercentenary Issue”. The date of issue is mentioned as 4th August 2004.

                 The above Banknote is from the collection of Jayant Biswas

The Back of the 20 Pound Banknote depicts a grand view of the Piazza, as restored architecturally, situated in the heart of Gibraltar’s main Street, the Keys of Gibraltar, a Barbary Ape, seagulls and pictures of the many races that inhabited Gibraltar.

2006 issues:
The Front of the 10 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. Also shown is a gun. The Banknote is denominated as Ten pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar”. The date of issue is mentioned as 1st December 2006.

The Back of the 10 Pound Banknote shows a scene from the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779 – 1783). The image on this Banknote shows Eliott in a scene directing the defence of Gibraltar. Also mentioned on the Banknote is “The Great Siege 1779-83”. A portrait of General Elliot is seen on the right side of the Banknote.

The Front of the 20 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. Also shown is a gun. The Banknote is denominated as Twenty pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar”. The date of issue is mentioned as 1st December 2006.
The Back of the 20 Pound Banknote shows the “HMS Victory” arriving at Gibraltar. The image on this Banknote shows a dismasted HMS Victory, Nelson’s Flagship being towed to Gibraltar after the battle, bearing Nelson’s mortal remains, as it nears the Rock of Gibraltar.

Below the image is the inscription “HMS Victory returning to Gibraltar 1805”. A portrait of Admiral Nelson is seen on the right side of the Banknote.

The Front of the 50 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. Also shown is a horse carriage from the early twentieth century. The Banknote is denominated as Fifty pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar”. The date of issue is mentioned as 1st December 2006.
The Back of the 50 Pound Banknote shows a squadron of Spitfires at the North Front in 1942, during World War II. The Banknote also shows a portrait of Winston Churchill.

2010 issues:
The Front of the 50 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote is denominated as Fifty pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar” in two places. The colour of this Banknote is predominantly red.

The Back of the 50 Pound Banknote shows Casemates Square (originally a part of the Lower Ward of the Moorish Castle is now a gastronomic, shopping and leisure hub). Casemates Square was the heart of La Barcina, part of the 15thcentury Spanish City, at the confluence of the roads leading to the land and sea gates to Gibraltar. The image on this Banknote shows “Casemates square” in the nineteenth century.

The Front of the 10 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote is denominated as Ten pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar” in two places. The colour of this Banknote is predominantly blue.
The Back of the 10 Pound Banknote shows a scene from the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779 – 1783). The image on this Banknote shows Eliott in a scene directing the defence of Gibraltar. Also mentioned on the bottom of the Banknote is “The Great siege 1779-83.

2011 issues:

The Front of the 5 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote is denominated as five pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar” in two places. The colour of this Banknote is predominantly green.

The Back of the 5 Pound Banknote shows the Moorish Castle. The oldest parts of the Moorish Castle date back to the 11th century. The castle consisted of three wards rising from the area of where Casemates Square is located, all the way to the Tower of Homage in the castle, which was rebuilt in the 14th century. The Upper Ward and the Tower of Homage are depicted on the Banknote.

The Front of the 20 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote is denominated as twenty pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar” in two places. The colour of this Banknote is predominantly orange-yellow.

The Back of the 20 Pound Banknote shows the “HMS Victory” arriving at Gibraltar. Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson had called at the port of Gibraltar several times prior to the famous “Battle of Trafalgar” (on the Southern tip of Spain) in 1805, which was fought close to Gibraltar, where a famous victory was won by the British, but Nelson lost his life. The image on this Banknote shows a dismasted HMS Victory, Nelson’s Flagship being towed to Gibraltar after the battle bearing Nelson’s mortal remains. Below the image is the inscription “HMS Victory returning to Gibraltar 1805”.

The Front of the 100 Pound Banknote shows a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II as well as the emblem of Gibraltar. The Banknote is denominated as one hundred pound sterling. On the top is mentioned “Government of Gibraltar” in two places. The colour of this Banknote is predominantly mauve.
The Back of the 100 pound Banknote shows the “King’s Bastion”, which stands at the centre of the medieval seawall that protected the old city. This Bastion was fortified by General Boyd in 1773 just in time for the Bastion to play a key role in the defence of Gibraltar during the Great Siege. Gibraltar’s first electricity generating plant was located in the courtyard of the Bastion. Later the Bastion was demolished and the “King’s Bastion Leisure Centre” stands in its place.

Gibraltar coinage:
Three Series of coins have been issued by Gibraltar:
The 1988 Series: coins in the denomination of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 pence and 1 Pound were circulated, with a 2 pound coin being circulated in 1999.

The depiction on the coins in this Series are 1 Penny (Barbary Partridge), 2 Pence (Europa Point Lighthouse), 5 Pence (Barbary Macaque and Gibraltar Candytuft), 10 Pence (Europort), 20 Pence (Our Lady of Europe), 50 pence (Bottlenose Dolphins), 1 Pound (Fortress & key) and 2 Pounds (Pillars of Hercules).
The 2004 Tercentenary Edition:
This Series was issued in 2004 to commemorate the Tercentenary of British Gibraltar.

The depiction on the coins in this Series are one penny (Barbary Macaque), 2 Pence (Keys of Gibraltar), 5 pence (Constitutional Order 1969), 10 pence (Operation Torch, World War II – 1942), 20 pence (Discovery of Neanderthal skull in Gibraltar – 1848), 50 pence (Battle of Trafalgar-1805), 1 Pound (Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779-1783). 2 Pound (Capture of Gibraltar – 1704).

The third and current Series:
The depiction on the coins in this Series are one penny (Constitution Order 1969), 2 pence (Operation Torch-1942), 5 Pence (Barbary Ape), 10 pence (The Great Siege 1779-1783), 20 Pence (Keys of Gibraltar), 50 Pence (Our Lady of Europe), 1 Pound (Discovery of Neanderthal skull in Gibraltar – 1848), 2 Pounds (Battle of Trafalgar-1805).  

Gibraltar Coat of Arms:
The motto below the Coat of arms is “Montis Insignia Calpe” meaning “Badge of the Rock of Gibraltar). The Coat of arms was adopted in 1501, when Gibraltar had passed into Spanish possession and Isabella I of Castile had issued a Royal Warrant granting Gibraltar the Coat of Arms that it still uses today.

Flag of Gibraltar:
Shows the Castle of Gibraltar and the key to the City.
Stamp issues:
Gibraltar Post, also, brings out several stamps promoting the protection of endangered animals and birds. The following  miniature sheet issued in 2013 is testimony to this fact:
Endangered Animals Series III:


The above miniature sheet of the Endangered Animals stamps proclaims in the defence of animals that:
“Compassion for animals is intimately connected with goodness of character and it may be confidently asserted that he who is cruel to animals cannot be a good man”.

The endangered species featuring in this miniature sheet:
The African Penguin: (Spheniscus demersus):
This species of Penguin is also known as the Black-footed Penguin and it is found in South African waters. It is also known as the “Jackass” Penguin for its donkey-like braying call, which is also the call in several species of South American penguins.

The African Penguin is found on the south-western coast of Africa, living in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay, near Port Elizabeth, South Africa. It is the only penguin species that breeds in Africa and its presence has been instrumental in giving the Penguin Islands their name. There is an urgent requirement to save the African penguins and their habitat.

The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus Thynnus):
This is a species of tuna in the Scombridae family. Atlantic bluefin tuna have become extinct in the Black Sea due to extensive fishing. The Atlantic bluefin tuna is a close relative of the other two bluefin tuna species – the Pacific bluefin tuna and the Southern bluefin tuna. The bluefin tuna can weigh over 450 kgs or over 990 lb in weight, and rival the black marlin, blue marlin and swordfish as the largest Perciformes. They are great predators with huge size, speed and power. The Atlantic bluefin tuna is considered a great delicacy as a food fish and is in danger of becoming extinct due to over-fishing.

The Asiatic Cheetah: (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus):
The Asiatic cheetah is now mainly confined to Iran and in some parts of Balochistan in Pakistan. The animal has been virtually driven to extinction in other parts of Southwest Asia from Arabia to India, including Afghanistan. In very few numbers today, the Asiatic cheetah now lives mainly in Iran’s vast central desert in fragmented pieces of the remaining suitable habitat. As of 2013, only about 20 cheetahs have been identified in Iran in the areas surveyed. It is estimated that the total population alive today will be between 50 to say about a 100. Along with the Eurasian lynx and the Persian leopard, it is one of three remaining species of large cats in Iran today. The Asiatic cheetah separated from its African relative some 32000 to 67000 years ago.

 The cheetahs are swifter than any antelopes and are considered to be the fastest land animals clocking upto 70 miles or 112 kilometres per hour but can hold this pace only for about 400 to 500 yards or 365 to 455 metres. Within this distance the cheetah must catch its prey or lose it. However, most often than not, it catches it. A tame cheetah can be as affectionate as any household pet. Anyone for keeping one as a pet and helping the cheetah numbers to grow?

The Chinese Alligator: (Alligator sinensis):
This is one of the two known living species of Alligator, a genus in the family Alligatoridae, found only in Eastern China. While it originally ranged through much of China, this species’ wild habitat has been vastly reduced to a few ponds containing about 100 to 200 alligators along Lake Tai and the lower Yangtze River in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui. This is mainly because of cultivation of land by the farmers. A majority of their usual wetland habitats have been turned into rice paddies. Poisoning of rats, which the alligators eat has also vastly reduced their numbers.
The Red-crowned Crane: (Grus japonensis):
This is a large East Asian crane, among the rarest in the World. In some parts of its range, it is known as a symbol of luck, longetivity and fidelity. The estimated total population of this species is a little less than 3000 in the wild, including about 1000 birds in the resident Japanese population. Of the migratory populations, about 1000 winter in China, mainly at the Yellow River Delta and Yancheng Coastal Wetlands while the remaining migrate to Korea.

The Leatherback Sea Turtle: (Dermochelys coriacea):
This is the largest of all living turtles and is the fourth largest modern reptile behind three crocodilians, it can easily be differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a bony shell. Instead, its carapace is covered by skin and oily flesh. Populations in the Pacific Ocean are in far greater danger of extinction than the Atlantic due to commercial fishing, illegal poaching, pollution and nesting beach destruction in the Pacific.



Links:

British Crown Dependencies:

1) Specimen Banknotes from the States of Jersey

2) Coinage and Currency from the States of Jersey

3) Currency & Coinage of the Bailiwick of Guernsey

4) Currency & Coinage of Gibraltar : An Overseas Territory of Great Britain

5) Coinage of Gibraltar: (A British Overseas Territory): An Uncirculated Decimal Coin Collection Set minted by the Tower Mint, UK in 2010
  
6) The Isle of Man: An Uncirculated Decimal Coin Collection Set minted by Pobjoy Mint, UK in 2015

7) The Centenary of the ill-fated Titanic (15.04.1912 - 15.04.2012): An Alderney Five Pound Coin Commemorating the Maritime Legend

8) "Man of Steel": A Superman Movie: A set of stamps brought out in 2013 by Jersey post, the States of Jersey, commemorating Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill who played Superman in the Movie

9) Coins & Currency of Bermuda

10) The Bailiwick of Jersey - Presently circulating coinage - Pounds and Pence 

11) St. Helena & Ascension Islands: An Uncirculated Coin Set from 2003 

12) The Legend of the "HMAV Bounty" is interwoven with the heritage of the Pitcairn Islands: An uncirculated coin set from Pitcairn Islands in 2009 depicting the icons/relics of the Bounty minted by the New Zealand Mint 

Famous Battles

1) Bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's Exile to St. Helena: (Part I): A One Crown Commemorative coin issued by the Ascension Island (minted by Pobjoy Mint UK) 

2) Bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's Exile to st. Helena: (Part II) 1) A 5 GBP Coin issued by the Royal Mint UK. 2) A"Drie Landen Zilverset" ( ot the "Three Lands Silver set") containing coins issued by the Royal Dutch Mint including coins of Netherlands, Belgium and UK

3) Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Battle of Britain by issuing a 50 Pence coin by the Royal Mint UK

Gold Coins:
  
1) Gold Sovereigns issued in 2013 & 2014 by MMTC-PAMP in India under licence from the Royal Mint, UK, carrying the "I" Mint Mark

2) Gold Half-Sovereigns minted by MMTC-PAMP in India in 2014 under licence from the Royal Mint UK bearing the "I" Mint Mark 

Silver Coins:

1) A 20 Pound Silver coin minted for the first timr by the royal Mint UK: reverse design carries the famous St. George slaying the dragon design found on Gold Sovereigns 

British India Coinage:

 1) East India Company Quarter Anna Copper Coin which is one of the first issues under the Coinage Act 1835

2) Victoria Coinage: When she was Queen and afterwards Empress

3) Edward VII: King & Emperor  Coinage

4) George V King Emperor Coinage

5) George VI: The last of the British India Emperors Coinage 

Other British Royalty: 

1) Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Celebrations (1952-2012): A Five Pound Commemorative coin issued by the Royal Mint, UK

2) Commemorating Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation in 1953: A Five Pound Coin minted by the Royal Mint UK in 2013, depicting the Imperial State Crown

3) The Royal Coat of Arms of the UK: Great British 2012 Coin Set (Uncirculated) issued by the Royal Mint UK

4) Prince George's Christening Ceremony celebrated with coins issued by the Royal Mint UK in 2013

5) The British Empire:  A Case of Numismatic "segregation": (Guest Post by Rahul Kumar)

6) 1) The Portrait Collection: Various Portraits of Queen Elizabeth II on Coinage 2) The Fourth & Final Circulating coinage of the Portrait designed by Ian Rank-Broadley and the First Edition of the portrait of the Queen made by Jody Clark

 British Coinage:

1) The contribution of the Great British One-Pound coins in keeping alive the historical legends/emblems/heritage of the UK (1983 onwards)

2) Transformation of a Five shilling Coin (Crown) into the UK Twenty-five Pence & then the Five Pound Coin

3) Transformation of the Two Shilling Coin (Florin) Coin into the UK Ten Pence

4) The 350th Anniversary of the Guinea: A Two Pound Coin issued by the Royal Mint UK celebrating the milestone

 Commemorative British Coinage:

 1) Commemorating the Bicentenary of Charles Dickens: A Two pound coin celebrating his literary contributions during the Victorian Era

 2) Commemorating 50 Years of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) - presently called the World Wide Fund for Nature by issue of a Fifty Pence coin by the Royal Mint, UK

3) Coins commemorating London Olympics & Paralympics (2012)

4) Commemorating 150 Years of the London Underground : Two pound Coins minted by the Royal Mint UK, showing the "Roundel" logo and a train emerging from a tunnel 

5) Commemorating the 100th Birth anniversary of Christopher Ironside with his" Royal Arms" design on a 50 Pence coin issued by the Royal Mint, UK 

6) 800th Anniversary of the Magna Carta - the Universal Guidepost to Liberty and Freedom

Inspirations from Scottish History: 

1) The Legend of King Bruce & the Spider on Banknotes

Banknotes from Scotland:
  
1) Commemorating Sir William Arrol and his creation the Forth Rail Bridge by issues of Britain's first ever 5 Pound Polymer Banknote

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