941) Uzbekistan: a) Historical Evolution of the State of Uzbekistan b)Banknotes of Uzbekistan; c) A new 100,000 So'm Banknote issued by the Central Bank of Uzbekistan on 25.02.2019:
Uzbekistan is a landlocked nation in Central Asia. It is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, bordered by five landlocked countries - Kazakhstan to the North, Kyrgyzstan the North-east, Tajikistan to the South-east, Afghanistan to the South and Turkmenistan to the South-west.
Historical evolution of Uzbekistan:
From the 8th - 3rd Centuries BC, the territory comprising Uzbekistan was part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan. The first settlers here were Eastern Iranian nomads, called Scythians, who founded the kingdoms in Khwarezm, Bactria, Sogdia, Fergana and Margiana.
The territories were incorporated into the Persian Empire and after a period of Macedonian Greek rule, was under the control of the Persian Parthian Empire and later the Sassanian Empire, until the Muslim conquests of Persia in the 7th Century AD.
In the 7th Century AD the Muslim conquest converted the majority of the population to Islam. During this period, the cities like Samarkand, Khiva and Bukhara became prosperous and wealthy, primarily due to their positioning on the Silk Route/Road.
In the 13th Century AD, the local Khwarezmian Dynasty and Central Asia as a whole, were decimated by the Mongol invasion. After the Mongol Conquests, the area became increasingly dominated by Turkic people.
In the 14th Century AD, the Timurid Empire ruled these lands.
In the 16th Century AD, these territories were conquered by Uzbek Shaybanids, who shifted the centre of administration from Samarkand to Bukhara.
Thereafter, the region was split into three parts - Khanate of Khiva, Khanate of Kokand and Emirate of Bukhara.
By the 19th Century AD, gradually, these territories became a part of the Russian Empire, with Tashkent becoming the political centre of Russian Turkestan.
In 1924, after National delimitation, the constituent Republic of the Soviet Union known as the "Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" was established.
On 31.08.1991, following the break-up of the Soviet Union, the independent Republic of Uzbekistan was created.
The official languages of Uzbekistan are Uzbek and Russian. The population comprises of the following ethnic groups - 88.8% Uzbek, 4.0% Tazik, 2,5% Kazakh, 2.3% Russian, 2.2% Karakalpak and 4.5% others.
Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of cotton. It also has the largest open-pit gold mine in the world. It is the largest electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 24% of the country's energy sector comprising of hydroelectricity (22.0 %) and solar energy (2%) respectively.
Banknotes of Uzbekistan:
The So'm is the currency of Uzbekistan. (Som means "pure" in Kyrgyz, Uyghur and Uzbek and several other Turkic languages). As such the connotation for the currency name is "pure gold".
Prior to its independence, Uzbekistan was using the Russian Ruble as its currency.
On 26.07.1993, a new Series of Russian Ruble was introduced and the old currency ceased to be legal tender.
On 15.11.1993, Uzbekistan replaced the Ruble with So'm (First Series of Banknotes). No sub-division of the So'm was issued and only Banknotes were circulated in the denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 So'm.
As it was a transitional currency, the design on all the Banknotes was the Coat of Arms on the Front and Sher-Dor Madarsa of the Registan in Samarkand on the Back.
In 1994, the Second Series of Banknotes was issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 So'm.
In 1997, a 200 So'm Banknote denomination was added.
On the Back of the 200 So'm Banknote is seen the detail of a tiger mosaic on the Sher-Dor Madarsa at the Registan in Samarkand. The numerals/words '200 CYM" (meaning "200 So'm") appear on this face.
On the Front of the 200 So'm Banknote is seen the National Emblem of Uzbekistan.
In 1999, a 500 So'm Banknote was circulated.
In 2001, a 1,000 So'm Banknote was issued.
In 2013, a 5,000 So'm Banknote was circulated.
On 10.03.2017, a 10,000 So'm Banknote was circulated.
On 22.08.2017, a 50,000 So'm Banknote was circulated.
A new issue on 25.02.2019 of 100,000 So'm Banknote to counter high inflationary pressures:
Uzbekistan is a landlocked nation in Central Asia. It is a secular, unitary constitutional republic, bordered by five landlocked countries - Kazakhstan to the North, Kyrgyzstan the North-east, Tajikistan to the South-east, Afghanistan to the South and Turkmenistan to the South-west.
Historical evolution of Uzbekistan:
From the 8th - 3rd Centuries BC, the territory comprising Uzbekistan was part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan. The first settlers here were Eastern Iranian nomads, called Scythians, who founded the kingdoms in Khwarezm, Bactria, Sogdia, Fergana and Margiana.
The territories were incorporated into the Persian Empire and after a period of Macedonian Greek rule, was under the control of the Persian Parthian Empire and later the Sassanian Empire, until the Muslim conquests of Persia in the 7th Century AD.
In the 7th Century AD the Muslim conquest converted the majority of the population to Islam. During this period, the cities like Samarkand, Khiva and Bukhara became prosperous and wealthy, primarily due to their positioning on the Silk Route/Road.
In the 13th Century AD, the local Khwarezmian Dynasty and Central Asia as a whole, were decimated by the Mongol invasion. After the Mongol Conquests, the area became increasingly dominated by Turkic people.
In the 14th Century AD, the Timurid Empire ruled these lands.
In the 16th Century AD, these territories were conquered by Uzbek Shaybanids, who shifted the centre of administration from Samarkand to Bukhara.
Thereafter, the region was split into three parts - Khanate of Khiva, Khanate of Kokand and Emirate of Bukhara.
By the 19th Century AD, gradually, these territories became a part of the Russian Empire, with Tashkent becoming the political centre of Russian Turkestan.
In 1924, after National delimitation, the constituent Republic of the Soviet Union known as the "Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" was established.
On 31.08.1991, following the break-up of the Soviet Union, the independent Republic of Uzbekistan was created.
The official languages of Uzbekistan are Uzbek and Russian. The population comprises of the following ethnic groups - 88.8% Uzbek, 4.0% Tazik, 2,5% Kazakh, 2.3% Russian, 2.2% Karakalpak and 4.5% others.
Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of cotton. It also has the largest open-pit gold mine in the world. It is the largest electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 24% of the country's energy sector comprising of hydroelectricity (22.0 %) and solar energy (2%) respectively.
Banknotes of Uzbekistan:
The So'm is the currency of Uzbekistan. (Som means "pure" in Kyrgyz, Uyghur and Uzbek and several other Turkic languages). As such the connotation for the currency name is "pure gold".
Prior to its independence, Uzbekistan was using the Russian Ruble as its currency.
On 26.07.1993, a new Series of Russian Ruble was introduced and the old currency ceased to be legal tender.
On 15.11.1993, Uzbekistan replaced the Ruble with So'm (First Series of Banknotes). No sub-division of the So'm was issued and only Banknotes were circulated in the denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 So'm.
As it was a transitional currency, the design on all the Banknotes was the Coat of Arms on the Front and Sher-Dor Madarsa of the Registan in Samarkand on the Back.
In 1994, the Second Series of Banknotes was issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 So'm.
In 1997, a 200 So'm Banknote denomination was added.
In 1999, a 500 So'm Banknote was circulated.
In 2001, a 1,000 So'm Banknote was issued.
In 2013, a 5,000 So'm Banknote was circulated.
On 10.03.2017, a 10,000 So'm Banknote was circulated.
On 22.08.2017, a 50,000 So'm Banknote was circulated.
A new issue on 25.02.2019 of 100,000 So'm Banknote to counter high inflationary pressures:
The Central Bank of Uzbekistan has circulated on 25.02.2019, a new 100,000 So'm Banknote, which is now the largest denomination to be utilised in the Uzbek economy.
The theme of the Banknote is dedicated to the activities of the great Uzbek scientist Mirzo Ulugbek and his achievements in Astronomy.
On the Front of the 100,000 So'm Banknote is seen an image of the Uzbek monument dedicated to Mirzo Ulugbek, which is located at the Observatory of Ulugh Beg in Samarkand, Uzbekistan and is shown at left on this face.
The planets of the Solar System and six small planets are depicted around in orbit, along with stars of various sizes which have a colour-variable property when viewed from a certain angle.
On the Back of the 100,000 So'm Banknote is seen a detailed image of the Mirzo Ulugbak Observatory printed in dark brown colour. The text "O'ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI MARKAZIY BANKI" is printed on top in two lines, with the year "2019" shown in an ornamental guilloche positioned to the left of the Observatory.
The underprint on the Banknote is centred and shows the outline of the map of the Republic of Uzbekistan. A place indicator is shown where the city of Samarkand is located, where Mirzo Ulugbek conducted scientific activities.
In the upper-right corner of the Banknote is the Coat of arms of the Republic of Uzbekistan printed in a dark brown colour.
The word "NAMUNA" means "Specimen" in Uzbek.
The word "NAMUNA" means "Specimen" in Uzbek.
The Dimensions/Size of this Banknote is 144 mm x 78 mm and its Colour is predominantly light brown, with additional blue accents and a corresponding multi-colour underprint.
The Banknote is printed on a paper-based substrate. The Banknote's Serial Numbers consist of two-letter Latin alphabet characters followed by a seven-digit number and are positioned on the lower left and right halves, as seen from the Front.
The various Security Features on this Banknote include:
Watermark: On the right edge of the Banknote is a white oval field that includes a watermark of the portrait of Mirzo Ulugbek and a filigree watermark in the form of the figure "100,000".
Holographic Strip: Situated towards the centre-right of the Banknote, with a thickness of five millimetres wide is a vertical holographic strip which appears to be segmented and includes a 3-D effect with moving images when the Banknote is tilted. When the Banknote is held up to a light source, the strip appears to be a solid piece.
Colour-variable ink: In the upper-left corner of the Banknote, there is the numeral "100,000" which, depending on the viewing angle, the colour of the numeral varies from magenta to brown.
Latent image: In the lower part of the left side of the Banknote against the background of the ornamental pattern, the initials "UZB" become visible at a certain angle to a surface light source.
Tactile print: A series of bars and a single dot shown in green metallic print is located towards the left edge of the Banknote and is intended for the Banknote's identification by visually impaired persons.
Aligned print registry: In the upper part of the Banknote is a diagram of the solar system. Depending on the viewing angle, the colour of the image changes from golden to green. New circulation-type
Coins carrying the face values of 50, 100, 200 and 500 So'm were issued in place of Banknotes of the same face value in 2018.
The presently circulating Banknote denominations are - 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000 and now 100,000 So'm which are available to the user public.
The last four denominations of 5,000, 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 So'm feature inscriptions in Latin-based Uzbek, as against Uzbek Cyrillic in Banknotes of the denominations of 1 to 1,000 Uzbek So'm.
(The 200 So'm Banknote represented above is from the collection of Jayant Biswas. Post researched and written by Rajeev Prasad)
Holographic Strip: Situated towards the centre-right of the Banknote, with a thickness of five millimetres wide is a vertical holographic strip which appears to be segmented and includes a 3-D effect with moving images when the Banknote is tilted. When the Banknote is held up to a light source, the strip appears to be a solid piece.
Colour-variable ink: In the upper-left corner of the Banknote, there is the numeral "100,000" which, depending on the viewing angle, the colour of the numeral varies from magenta to brown.
Latent image: In the lower part of the left side of the Banknote against the background of the ornamental pattern, the initials "UZB" become visible at a certain angle to a surface light source.
Tactile print: A series of bars and a single dot shown in green metallic print is located towards the left edge of the Banknote and is intended for the Banknote's identification by visually impaired persons.
Aligned print registry: In the upper part of the Banknote is a diagram of the solar system. Depending on the viewing angle, the colour of the image changes from golden to green. New circulation-type
Coins carrying the face values of 50, 100, 200 and 500 So'm were issued in place of Banknotes of the same face value in 2018.
The presently circulating Banknote denominations are - 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000 and now 100,000 So'm which are available to the user public.
The last four denominations of 5,000, 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 So'm feature inscriptions in Latin-based Uzbek, as against Uzbek Cyrillic in Banknotes of the denominations of 1 to 1,000 Uzbek So'm.
(The 200 So'm Banknote represented above is from the collection of Jayant Biswas. Post researched and written by Rajeev Prasad)
I really enjoy your detailed articles. Uzbekistan is a very interesting country. I'm also glad to know that they are adding marks for visually impaired people on their currency.
ReplyDeleteThank you so much, Tom for visiting my blog and leaving a very encouraging comment.
Delete