4600) Did You Know Series (142): 1)Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady of Mercy in English, a title of the Virgin Mary) was a Spanish Navy frigate which was sunk by the British off the south coast of Portugal on 5 October 1804 during the Battle of Cape Santa Maria: 2) Salvaging the Gold and Silver coins worth $500 million: 3) The legal battle which was fought successfully by Spain:

4600) Did You Know Series (142): 1)Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady of Mercy in English, a title of the Virgin Mary) was a Spanish Navy frigate which was sunk by the British off the south coast of Portugal on 5 October 1804 during the Battle of Cape Santa Maria: 2) Salvaging the Gold and Silver coins worth $500 million: 3) The legal battle which was fought successfully by Spain:

Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady of Mercy in English, a title of the Virgin Mary) was a Spanish Navy frigate which was sunk by the British off the south coast of Portugal on 5 October 1804 during the Battle of Cape Santa Maria.

At the time of the naval action Spain and England were at peace with each other. The Spanish frigate was part of a small flotilla sailing from Montevideo (Uruguay) to Cadiz (Andalusia, Spain), transporting silver, gold, vicuña, cinnamon, and quinoa. The other ships in the flotilla were Medea, Santa Clara, and Fama. 

The flotilla was intercepted by a Royal Navy task force, commanded by Graham Moore aboard HMS Indefatigable, and ordered to change course and proceed to a British port for inspection. 

The Spanish commanding officer, brigadier José de Bustamante y Guerra (1759–1825) objected that the two nations were at peace, declared that they would not comply with the order, and ordered battle quarters, despite being outgunned and outnumbered. A single shot from HMS Amphion, commanded by Samuel Sutton, hit the ship's magazine, causing an explosion that sank the ship.

250 Spanish crewmen were lost, and 51 survivors were rescued from the sea and taken as prisoner. The other three vessels were interned in Britain. Her wreck has been compared with that of USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor, due to the loss of life and the battle leading to a declaration of war.

Salvaging the Gold & Silver coins which sank with the Ship:

In 2007 the company Odyssey Marine Exploration reported having found, at an undisclosed location, a very rich shipwreck code-named "Black Swan". Odyssey recovered almost 500,000 silver and gold coins from the wreck, and transported them to the United States. 

Spanish researchers quickly identified the ship found by Odyssey with Mercedes and the Spanish government started a legal battle to halt what they considered was an act of illegal looting.

The approximate location of Mercedes was off Cape Santa Maria on the south coast of Iberia

A recovered cultural treasure" («El último viaje de la fragata Mercedes. Un tesoro cultural recuperado») from June to December 2014:

In 2015 the Spanish government commanded an archaeological expedition to study the shipwreck, which proved that Odyssey had damaged the remnants of the ship when extracting coins.

A US firm hauled up hundreds of thousands of gold and silver coins from a sunken Spanish frigate, then Spain fought through the courts and won back the estimated $500-million haul.

A US firm hauled up hundreds of thousands of gold and silver coins from a sunken Spanish frigate, then Spain fought through the courts and won back the estimated $500-million haul.

A very small number of coins and effects recovered from the ship were deposited in Gibraltar, because they showed clear signs consistent with an internal explosion on the ship and thus confirmed Spanish claims to the wreck being that of Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes. 

These were not returned to Spain until 2013, when a court finally ordered Odyssey Marine to return the missing pieces.

On 2 December 2012 the 14.5 tons cargo of gold and silver coins recovered from the wreck was deposited in the National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology in Cartagena (Murcia) for cataloging, study and permanent display. 

José de Bustamante y Guerra was in command of a fleet of four frigates, Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes, La Clara, La Medea and La Fama, when they were intercepted by an English squadron on 5 October 1804

Spanish Naval Museum along with National Archaeological Museum of Spain showed the recovered treasure in the exhibition "The last trip of the frigate Mercedes". 

The Legal Battle regarding the claims to the recovered coins:

Peru attempted to claim the treasure as being originally plundered by the Spanish. 

However, a court case decided that the Spanish government was the rightful successor of interest because at the time of the wreck, Peru was considered a Spanish colony and not a separate legal entity, therefore it had no legal standing to be entitled to the proceeds of the lawsuit. 

A U.S. federal court and a panel from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upheld the Spanish claim to the contents of the ship; Spain took control of the treasure in February 2012.

A notable judgment that influenced the protection of underwater cultural heritage initially began as one of the largest treasure recoveries in modern history. 

In 2007, the Florida-based salvage company Odyssey Marine Exploration secretly recovered around 500,000 gold and silver coins from a shipwreck in the Atlantic Ocean under the codename "Black Swan". 

Interestingly, the haul, which was estimated to be around $500 million, was originally presented without revealing the wreck’s identity. 

According to Spain’s Ministry of Culture, subsequent investigations established that the treasure came from Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes, a Spanish Navy frigate which sank in 1804. 

Following the investigation, Spain launched an international legal challenge, arguing that the wreck remained a sovereign warship protected under international law, a claim that was ultimately upheld by the U.S. courts.

The naval tragedy that reshaped history:

According to the National Museum of Underwater Archaeology (ARQUA), Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes was built in Havana in 1786 and was part of a convoy on a commercial route between Spain and its overseas American territories. 

According to El País, in October 1804, the frigate carrying silver and gold coins, commercial goods and passengers back to Spain was attacked by a British squadron near Portugal.

It is worth noting that the attack came while Britain and Spain were not formally at war. Historians say a cannon shot detonated the ship’s powder magazine, causing a catastrophic explosion that sank the vessel with Spanish passengers aboard. Notably, historians regard the attack as one of the events that pushed Spain into the Napoleonic Wars against the British.

Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes' recovery triggered an international legal battle:

A Model of the Spanish Frigate Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady of Mercy in English, a title of the Virgin Mary).

More than two centuries later, Odyssey Marine Exploration recovered the wreck using remotely operated underwater vehicles and transported the recovered fortune to the United States. 

According to Spain’s Ministry of Culture, the company announced the discovery in 2007 but did not reveal the ship’s name or exact location. 

Spain then filed suit in U.S. federal courts, arguing that Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes was a sovereign-immune military vessel whose remains and cargo could not be legally salvaged for commercial purposes. 

The legal dispute drew international attention as it tested whether historic naval wrecks should be treated as archaeological heritage rather than treasure.

Ultimately, the courts sided with Spain, as the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit noted that the frigate remained protected by the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity and by the longstanding agreements recognising the ownership of state vessels. 

Therefore, Odyssey was ordered to return the recovered coins and artefacts. 

The recovered fortune was flown back to Spain in 2012 by two Spanish military aircraft after nearly five years of litigation. 

It is worth noting that the ruling has since become a significant legal precedent for protecting underwater cultural heritage from commercial exploitation.

Following the legal win, Spain chose to preserve the recovered cargo as an archaeological archive. 

According to ARQUA, the treasure is undergoing long-term conservation, documentation and scientific research to understand the ship’s final voyage better. 

In 2019, UNESCO recognised the Mercedes Project as a best-practice example in the protection of underwater cultural heritage, as it combined international legal cooperation and public education.

Links:

1 a)  Santa Maria de La Concepcion (Spanish: "Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception) or Santa Maria de la Consolation 1641 (Part One): i) Reasons for delay in transp;orting the enormous Treasure: ii) The Pirate Threat: iii) The Spanish Cob Coin  Pillars and Waves design carried on the Consolacion: iv) The Shipwreck.

1 b) Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion (Spanish: "Our Lady of the (Immaculate) Conception" or Santa Maria de la Consolation 1641: (Part Two): i) Wreck of the Concepcion: ii) The voyage of the vessel laden with treasure and passengers: iii) The storm and wrecking of the vessel

1 c) Nuestra Senora de la Concepcoin (Spanish: Our Lady of the (Immaculate) Conception or Santa Maria de la Consolacion 1641) (Part Three): i) The shipwreck and Treasure of the Consolacion:

2) Did You Know Series (142): Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes (Our Lady of Mercy in English - a title of the Virgin Mary) was a Spanish Navy Frigate which was sunk by the British Navy off the South coast of Portugal on 5th October 1804 during the Battle of Cape Santa Maria: 2) Salvaging the Gold and Silver Coins worth $500 million: 3) The legal battle ehich was fought successfully by Spain

 Links to SS Central America (The Ship Of Gold) posts on this blog:

i) "SS Central America" (The "Ship of Gold"), USA (Part I): "California Gold Rush" Gold Nuggets recovered from the historic wreck which sank on 12.09.1857

ii) The Ship of Gold (SS Central America), USA - Part II: A historic 54-pound Gold Rush ingot which sank to the bottom of the Sea in the shipwreck SS Central America in 1857 was recovered 131 years later

 "Australian Shipwrecks" Coin Series:

1) The ill-fated ship "Batavia", Australia: "Australian Shipwreck Coin Series": The first Gold 100 Dollars Triangular shaped Bullion Coin minted by the Royal Australian Mint (RAM): Coin issued in 2019

2) The ill-fated ship "Vergulde Draeck" (or the "Gilt Dragon"), Australia: The second Gold 100 Dollars and Silver 1 Dollar Triangular shaped Bullion Coins minted by the Royal Australian Mint (RAM): Coin issued in 2020

3) The ill-fated ship "Zuytdorp" (or the "South Village"): The third Gold 100 Dollars and Silver 1 Dollar Triangular shaped Bullion Coins minted by the Royal Australian Mint (RAM): Year of Coin issue: 08/2020

4) The ill-fated ship - "Zeewijk", Australia: The fourth and final Coin in the Coin Series titled - "Australian Shipwreck Coin Series": Gold 100 Dollars and Silver 1 Dollar Triangular shaped Bullion Coins minted by the Royal Australian Mint (RAM): Coin issue Date: 01/2021

Links to interesting Posts on coins from Tuvalu Islands:

1)Famous Pirates of the Caribbean :2) Edward Teach or "BlackBeard"

2)Famous Pirates of the Caribbean: 3)Bartholomew Roberts or Black Bart Roberts 

  

 3)Famous Pirates of the Caribbean:4)Jack Rackham 

4)Famous-pirates-of- the Caribbean : 5) Henry Avery 

5)Famous Pirates of the Caribbean : 6) Sir Henry Morgan

Did you Know Series (77) "Nuestra Senora de las Maravillas" (Our Lady of Wonders), Spain: i) The Spanish Treasure Fleet System: ii) The Treasure Fleet sailing routes iii) Spanish Treasure Shipwrecks - a prime target: The "Nuestra Senora de las Maravillas": v) The Salvage Operations: vi) A "Gold Finger Bar"

The Treasure ship: San Jose:

30) Did You Know Series (68): "The Treasure Ship - San Jose", Colombia: "The Holy Grail of Shipwrecks" which was sunk with an enormous treasure on board by the British Navy during the Spanish War of Succession fought during 09.07.1701 - 07.09.1714

The Treasure ship : Princess Louisa:

1) The Silver Shipwreck Treasure of the Princess Louisa (1743)

The Clipper - Cutty Sark:

1) 155 Years of Cutty Sark (United Kingdom), Rwanda: 50 Franca (Amarfaranga): 1 Oz Silver Proof Coin in Capsule and Certificate of Authenticity (COA): Year of Coin issue: 2024

Did You Know Series : The SS Tilawa:

Did You Know Series (92): SS Tilawa an ocean liner of the British India Steam Navigation Company was sunk by a submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Indian Ocean on 23.11, 1942: Coins and Silver Bars minted from the salvaged Silver

Nuestra Senora de Atocha shipwreck & Salvage of the enormous Treasure:

Nuestra Senora de Atocha Spanish Galleon: 1) The Treasure Ship: 2) THe Wrecking in a Hurricane: 3) The Salvage efforts and Legal Battle

The Atlantic Sands - Shipwreck:

The Atlantic Sands, United Kingdom: 1) About the Atlantic Sands a White Star Line Transatlantic Ocean Liner between the Ubited Kingdom & United States; 2) The Shipwreck on its 18th voyage; 3) The Accidental Discovery of a Lifetime; 4) Over 200 year old 1300 Spanish Silver Coins salvaged from thje wreck; 5) Genuine Shipwreck effect and a special Pedigree;

The 1715 Treasure Fleet - or "The Nueva Espana Fleet:

1715 Treasure Fleet - a combination of two Spanish Treasure Fleets - returning from the New World to Spain - the "Nueva Espana Fleet" and the "Tierra Firme Fleet" comprising 11 ships: Date of Ships being wrecked: 31.07.1715

For interesting posts on Coins and stamps of Portugal and Spain, please visit the following links:

 1) Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: the creator of Don Quixote: Commemorating the 400th Anniversary of his death by issue of two coins in the denomination of 200 Euros (Gold) and 10 Euros (Silver) by the Royal Spanish Mint - Real Casa de la Moneda in 2016

 2) Comprehensive history of the Dollar illustrated on a Kilo coin minted by Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre (FNMT) in association with the Real Casa de la Moneda on 29.05.2017 

3) Treasures of the Spanish Museums: Fifth Part of the Series: Paintings from the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum depicted on coins released on 07.06.2017

4) Old Town of Avila, Spain: A UNESCO World Heritage Site featured on a 2 Euro Proof Coin by the Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Real Casa de la Moneda" (FNMT-RCM- "National Coinage & Stamp Factory - The Royal Spanish Mint)

5) History of Navigation (or "Historia de la Navigacion"): 2nd issue: A set of four coins brought out by the Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Real Casa de la Moneda" (FNMT-RCM):: 02/2019

6) Spanish Renaissance: 200 Euro (4 Escudo) Gold and Silver 10 Euro (8 Reales) Collector Coins: "Europa Coin Programme" or the "Eurostar Coin Programme" depicted on Gold and Silver Coins issued by the Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre - Casa Real de la Moneda: Issue date: 27.05.2019

7) 500th Anniversary of the "First Circum-navigational Voyage" by Magalhaes - El Cano (Magellan - El Cano) Expedition: Portugal-Spain Joint Philatelic Issue: Stamp issue date: 12.09.2019

8) "The Firebird", Principality of Andorra (Principat d' Andorra), Spain: A 0.70 Euro postage Stamp dedicated to the Russian community in Andorra: Stamp issue date: 30.10.2019

9) "Nacional Museo del Prado", Spain: Celebrating the Bicentenary milestone (1819-2019): Commemorative Silver Coins of 30 Euros issued by Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre - Casa Real de la Moneda on 20.11.2019: Coins minted by the Madrid Mint

10) Machu Picchu: "Wonders of the Modern World". A 1.35 Euro Stamp brought out by Correos Post, (Spanish Post) on 15.09.2017

11) Petra, Jordan: "Wonders of the Modern World Stamp Series" begun in 2015: A Stamp issued by Correos Post (Spanish Post) of the tariff value of "C" Class: Stamp issue date: 14.01.2020

12) Colosseum of Rome, Spain: "Wonders of the Modern World Stamps series": Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has brought out a Stamp featuring the Colosseum of Rome in its latest Stamp issue: Date of Stamp issue: 21.01.2021

12) The New Silk Road: A Joint issue of a two stamp set of 1.50 Euros each by Spain (Correos Post) and China: Stamps issue date: 01.07.2019

13) Charming Towns, Spain : For the past five years, Correos (Spanish Post) has issued Stamps and Postcards on four beautiful Spanish villages as old-fashioned accordion-style postcards: Date of PostCards/Stamp set issue: 30.03.2020

14) "International LGBTQ Pride Day", Spain: The LGBTQ Pride Day Flag (Rainbow Flag) depicted on the first ever stamp issued: Date of Stamp issued: 15.06.202015) "Card Games", Spain: Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a Stamp Sheet of 3.80 Euros representing the four suits (Swords, Pentacles, Cups & Wands) in a Tarot Deck, as the Origins of Card Games: Date of Stamp Sheet issue: 02.07.2020

16) I) "Europa Coin Programme" or the "European Star Programme" or the Eurostar Programme" II) The Fabrica Nacoinal Moneda y Timbre - Real Casa de Moneda have issued their fifth and final Gold (200 Euros) and Silver (10 Euros) Proof Coins focussing on the Gothic Era (which is a part of the wider programme focussing on the "Ages of Europe": Year of Coin issue: 09/2020

17) Classical Music Genres, Spain: Correos (Spanish Post) has brought out this Stamp of 4.00 Euros, dedicated to Classical Music: Date of Stamp issue: 18.11.2020

18) Spain: Second Coin released in the popular Coin Series titled - "V Centenario Vuelta al Mundo" (meaning - Fifth Centenary of the First Circumnavigation of the World") Collector Coin Series released by the Fabrica Nacional Moneda y Timbre - Real Casa de la Moneda on 16.11.2020

19) The Carnival of Canillo, its Harlequins and its King "Carnelstoltes", Principality of Andorra (Spain): Correos Espaniyol (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 1.50 Euro depicting two Harlequins in traditional Carnival Costumes: Stamp isue date: 12.02.21

20) The Historical Centre of Toledo, Spain: A Postage Stamp of 5.80 Euro highlighting the UNESCO World Heritage City of Toledo issued by Correos (Spanish Post): Issue Date: 19.03.2021

21) Spanish Museums, Spain: Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued 3 Stamps of 1.50 Euro each, highlighting Spanish Culture through Historical Museums - i) Postal and Telegraph Museum, Madrid ii) National Museum of Roman Art, Merida and iii) Vivanco Museum of Wine Culture, La Rioja: Date of Stamps set issue: 26.03.2021

22) "PuyDu Fou Theme Park", Spain: Postage Stamps brought out by Correos Espana (Spanish Post) dedicated to the popular Theme Park in the country: Date of Stamps issue: 26.03.2021

23) Graphic Humour, Mikel Urmeneta, Spain: The "Graphic Humour Stamp Series" this year has a stamp dedicated to him featuring his humourous creation of Little Red Riding Hood & the Blue Wolf: Date of Stamp issue: 31.03.2021

24) Mail Art, Spain: The first Postage stamp in the World dedicated to this form of expression/art discipline, issued by Correos Espana (Spanish Post) on the theme "Aire" depicting a world ball, protected with a gas mask, symbolically highlighting Environmental Pollurion on our planet: Date of Stamp issue: 13.04.2021

25) "Endangered National Wildlife", Principality of Andorra ("Principat d'Andorra"): EUROPA - 2021: Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a set of two Stamps featuring Critically Endangered National Wildlife - The Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus): Date of Stamp set issue: 30.04.2021

26) "Endangered National Wildlife", Spain: EUROPA - 2021: Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a Postage Stamp featuring Critically Endangered National Wildlife - The Iberian Lynx ("Lynx pardinus"):Date of Stamps issue: 14.05.2021

27) Carbarceno Nature Park, Spain: "Fauna 2021": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a Stamp of 2.50 Euro featuring this Nature Park: Date of Stamp issue: 10.06.2021

28) The "Giants Of The City of Ontinyent", Spain: 75th Anniversary: Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a Postage stamp of 0.70 Euro commemorating the milestone of this popular Festivity: Date of Stamp issue: 16.06.2021

Discoverers of Oceania Annual Stamp Series:

29) i) Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, Spanish Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a Stamp printed on wooden paper, simulating the material on which ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 22.06.2021

29) ii) Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron, Sea Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3.00 Euro printed on wooden paper, simulating the material on which the ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 26.10.2022

29) iii) 500th Anniversary of the first circumnavigation of the World, Spain: The FNMT - Real Casa de la Moneda has issued 40 Euro Silver Coins which celebrate the milestone: Date of Coins issue: 12.12.2022

29) iv) Gonzalo Gomez de Espinoza, Sea Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3.00 Euro printed on wooden paper simulating the material on which the ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 26.09.2023

30) "Caceres", Spain: "Urban World Heritage Stamp Series": "Espana Correos" (Spanish Post) has issued an intaglio Stamp of 5.80 Euro depicting the Old Town of Caceres: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 30.09.2021

31) "El Camino de Santiago" (or "The Way of St. James"), Spain: Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a booklet and Philatelic Document of 15 Stamps on the occasion of the Xacobeo 2021-2022: Dateof issue: 28.10.2021

32) Salvador Dali, Spain: Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre (FNMT) - Real Casa de la Moneda has issued a 10 Euro (8 Reale) Silver Proof Coin depicting one of Spain's most celebrated artists of the 20th Century: Date/Year of Coin issue: 01.11.2021

33) "Doubloons", Spain: A Commemorative Doubloon Coin of the value of 1.50 Euro issued by the Spanish Mint evoking the enduring popularity/mystique of this historical piece: Date of first issue: 01.12.2021

34) 1,000 Peseta Banknote, Spain: This Banknote featuring Hernan Cortez (Front) and Francisco Pizzarro Gonzalez (Back) was issued by the Banco de Espana (Bank of Spain), before it was replaced by the euro in 2002: Date of issue: 12.10.1996

35) Francisco de Goya, Spain: 275th Anniversary (1846-2021): Gold and Silver Proof Coins issued by the Fabrica Nacional de la Moneda mark the 275th Anniversary of Goya's birth: Year of Coin issue: 2021

36) The Dance of the Bear" (ball de l"ossa d'Encamp"), Principality of Andorra "Principat d'Andorra"): Correus Espanyols (Correos Espana" or Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 1.65 Euro depicting the popular festival: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 11.02.2022

37) "International Women's Day (08/03), Spain: "Correus Espanyols ("Correos Espana" or Spanish Post) has issued a Stamp Block on the #8M Women's Movement in Spain: Stamp Block Sheet issue date: 08.03.22

38) "Juan Carlos Arguello (or Muelle) Urban Art - Dock", Spain: "URBAN ART Postage Stamp Series": Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3 Euro featuring his patent signature: Date of Stamp issue: 30.03.2022

39) Introduction and Circulation of the Euro Currency, Spain: 20th Anniversary (2002-2022): A Silver Coin of 10 Euro (8 Reales) issued by the "Fabrica Nacional de Moeda y Timbre - Real Casa de la Moeda" (National Mint and Stamp Factory) commemores the milestine: Date of Coin issue: 2022

40) "Ancient Cities of the Mediterranean & Maritime Archeology" featuring the ship Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes", Spain: "EUROMED" theme for 2022: A Stamp of 3.00 Euro brought out by Espana Correos (Spanish Post): Date of Stamp issue: 11.07.2022

41) "El Toro", Spain: "Spanish Culture and Heritage Coin Series": Second Gold Bullion Coin in the series: The Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timble - Casa Real de la Moeda (The Spanish Mint) has issued a 1.50 Euro Gold Reverse Proof Coin: Date of Coin issue: 2022

42) Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron, Sea Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3.00 Euro printed on wooden paper, simulating the material on which the ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 26.10.2022

43) Origami, Crane, Spain: "Leisure and Hobbies Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a Miniature Sheet (MS) of 4.60 Euro depicting the Art of Origami - Making of a Crane: Date of Stamp issue: 20.10.2022

44) 500th Anniversary of the first circumnavigation of the World, Spain: The FNMT - Real Casa de la Moneda has issued 40 Euro Silver Coins which celebrate the milestone: Date of Coins issue: 12.12.2022

45) Mural of Julio Cesar, created in the Ronda da Muralla by the artist Diego Anido (or Diego As), Spain: "Urban Art - Best Mural in the World Competition": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 1.75 Euro commemorating the achievement: Date of Stamp issue: 23.02.2023

46) Did You Know Series (77): "Nuestra Senora de las Maravillas" (Our Lady of Wonders), Spain: i) The Spanish Treasure Fleet System: ii) The Treasure Fleets sailing routes: iii) Spanish Treasure Shipwrecks - a prime target: iv) The "Nuestra Senora de las Malavillas": v) The Salvage Operations: vi) A Gold Finger Bar"

47) The Madrid Planetarium, Spain: Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a Postage Stamp of 5.77 Euro depicting the Planetarium under a mysteriously lit night sky: Date of Stamp issue: 29.09.2023

48) Spazin: New 10 Euro Proof & Colour Coins released to celebrate National Football Team's UEFA Victory: Date/Year of Coin issue: 24.07.2024

49) Cacho Island (or Isla de Cacho), Spain: Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 2.90 Euro celebrating the naming of this island after a living Spaniard: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 23.10.2024

50) Archeological Site of Castulo, Linares - Jean, Spain: Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3 Euros featuring the historical site: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 18.02.2025

51) Sustainable Tourism - Punta Nariga and Monfrague National Park, Spain: Espana Correos has issued Postage Stamps of "C" Tarifa and "D" Tarifa: Date/Year of Stamps issued: 21.02.2025

52) XX International Botanical Congress in Madrid 2024, Spain: Kyrgyz Express Post (KEP), Limited Liability Company (LLC): Date/Year of Stamp set issue: 10th March 2025

53) About Numismatics - 25 Peseta Banknote, (1874), Spain: Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 6.00 Euro reproducing a copy of the 25 Peseta Banknote: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 21.03.2025

54) Military Training of Crown Princess Leonor, Spain: A 40 Euro Silver BU Coins highlights her training aboard the Military Training ship Juan Sebastian Elcano: Date/Year of Coin issue: 02.05.2025

55) National Archeological Discoveries, Principality of Andorra: Correos Espaniols (Spanish Post) has issued one EUROPA Stamp featuring the sanctuary of "Roc de les Bruixes" (Stone or Rock of the Witches"):Date/Year of Stamp issue: 09.05.2025

56) Antonio Machado, Spain: 159th Birth anniversary of the prominent Spanish Poet (1875-1939) A 10 Euro - 8 Reales Silver Proof and colour Coin minted by the Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre (FNMT) - Real Casa de la Moneda celebrates the milestone: Date/Year of Coin issue: 23.06.2025

57) "Common Design - 70 Years of EUROPA Stamps", Spain: Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued one EUROPA Stamp (2 Euro): Date of issue: 05.05.2026

58) Did You Know Series (142): Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes (Our Lady of Mercy in English - a title of the Virgin Mary) was a Spanish Navy Frigate which was sunk by the British Navy off the South coast of Portugal on 5th October 1804 during the Battle of Cape Santa Maria: 2) Salvaging the Gold and Silver Coins worth $500 million: 3) The legal battle ehich was fought successfully by Spain

For interesting posts on Coins and stamps of Portugal, please visit the following links:

1) Portuguese "Estado da India" or "State of India:

2) India-Portugal: Joint Stamp issue: A set of two Commemorative Stamps in the denominations of 2500 Paise or Rs.25/- and 500 Paise or Rs.5/- brought out by India Post on 07.01.2017

3) Did you Know Series (15): A visit to Fort St. George Museum, Chennai (Part III): i) Indo-Danish Coins ii) Indo-Dutch Coins iii) Indo-French Coins iv) Indo-Portuguese Coins

4) "Four Leaf Clover": Endangered Flora Species: A Silver Proof 5 Euro Coin and a Brilliant Uncirculated Cupro-Nickel Coin issued by the Impresa Nacional Casa de Moneda (INCA) in September 2018

5) 500th Anniversary of the "First Circum-navigational Voyage" by Magalhaes - El Cano (Magellan - El Cano) Expedition: Portugal-Spain Joint Philatelic Issue: Stamp issue date: 12.09.2019

6) "The Joker", Portugal: Portugal Post has issued a set of four stamps featuring "The Joker"character of DC Comics, who is an archenemy of the "Batman": Date of Stamp issue: 31.03.2020

7) Portuguese Numismatics (1st Group): A set of four Stamps in the values of N20g, A20g, E20g and 120g issued by CTT Correios (Portuguese Post) in partnership with INCM ("Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda (the "Portuguese Mint & Official Printing Office") depicting coins from various periods of history: Date od Stamp set issue: 22.04.2020

_{^{8) Ancient Postal Routes, Portugal: EUROPA 2020 Theme: CTT or CORREIOS de Portugal" (Portuguese Post) has brought out three Postage stamps of the values of 0.86 Euro each on the theme: Stamp set issue date: 25.05.2020}}

_{^{9) Ancient Postal Routes, Azores (An Autonomous Region of Portugal): EUROPA 2020 Theme: Two Stamps of 0.86 Euro each issued by Correios, (Portugal Post) on behalf of Azores: Date of Stamps issue: 25.05.2020}}

_{^{10) Ancient Postal Routes, Madeira (An Autonomous Region of Portugal): EUROPA 2020 Theme: Two Stamps of 0.86 each issued by CTT or "CORREIOS de Portugal" (Portuguese Post) on behalf of Madeira: Date of Stamps issue: 25.05.2020}}

_{^{11) 300 Years of the Foundation of Royal Academy of History (1720-2020), Portugal: Two Single Stamps of 0.53 Euro & 1.00 Euro and one stamp of 2.00 Euro contained on the Miniature Sheet (MS) issued by CTT or Correios de Portugal (Portuguese Post): Date of Stamps issue: 22.06.2020}}

_{^{12) "Linha Do Douro" ("The Douro Line (Train)", Portugal:12th Coin in the Ibero-American Coin Series titled "Historic Trains" brought out by the "Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda" (INCM): Date of issue: 06/2020}}

_{^{13) "Portuguese Numismatics Series (2nd Group)," Portugal: A set of Four Postage Stamps issued by CTT (Correios de Portugal, S.S. - Portuguese Post), in collaboration with INCM (The Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda - (National Printing House and Mint), Portugal: Date of Stamp Set issue: 30.03.2021}}

14) "Endangered National Wildlife", Portugal: EUROPA - 2021: Correios de Portugal (CTT - Post of Portugal) has issued two Stamps featuring Critically Endangered National Wildlife - The European Pond Terrapin (Emys orbicularis") and Saramugo ("Anaecypris hispanica"): Date of Stamp set issue: 07.05.2021

15) "Endangered National Wildlife", Madeira (Autonomous Region of Portugal): EUROPA - 2021: Correios de Portugal (CTT-Portugal) has issued two Stamps featuring Critically Endangered National Wildlife - Zino's Petrel (Pterodroma madeira") and The Loggerhead Turtle ("Caretta caretta"): Date of Stamp set issue: 07.05.2021

16) "Endangered National Wildlife", Azores (Autonomous Region of Portugal): EUROPA - 2021: Correios de Portugal (CTT - Post of Portugal) has issued two Stamps featuring Critically Endangered National Wildlife - Azores Noctule ("Nyctalus azoreum") and The Blue Whale )"Balaenoptera musculus"): Date of Stamp set issue: 07.05.2021

17) A 30 Escudo Banknote (1959), Goa, Portuguesa India: Printed by Banco Nacional Ultramarino in 1959, this Banknote was in circulation in Portuguese Goa, India

18) "Discovery of Antarctica", Portugal: Correios da Portugal (CTT - Portuguese Post) has brought out a set of stamps featuring the important discovery hypothesised by Aristotle in )384-322 BC): Date of Stamp set issue: 16.06.2021

19) "Handicraft Jewellery in the Mediterranean", Portugal: "EUROMED" theme for 2021: CTT-Correios de Portugal, S.A. (Portuguese Post) has issued two postage stamps depicting traditional Portuguese jewellery - "Gaio Arrecada" & "Monte Moliao Arrecada": Date of Stamp set issue: 09.07.2021

20) "Joao Da Nova, Portuguese Sea Explorer, Portugal: "Five Centuries of the Portuguese presence in the Southern Seas": A set of two stamps issued on him by CTT or Corrieos de Portugal Post (Portuguese Post): Date of Stamp issue: 11.10.2021

21) Vhils (b.1987), Street Artist, Portugal: A 10 Euro Silver Coin issued by the Casa Da Moeda (Portuguese Mint): The Coin features artwork of a stylised Human Eye by Vhils: Date/Year of Coin issue: 18.11.2021

22) Portuguese Numismatics, Portugal: "Correios de Portugal" (CTT) (Portuguese Post in collaboration with "Imprensa Nacional Casa Da Moeda" (INCM) has brought out the final set of four coins minted between the 16th and 20th Centuries depicted on stamps: Year of Stamps issue: 24.01.2022

23) The Three Wise Men (Natal), Portugal: Innovative Stamps: Correos (Portuguese Post) has issued a set of three stamps and an innovative Souvenir Sheet (SS), which uses NFC technology to light up an LED bulb, as if the Star of Bethlehem is indicating where Christ was born: Date of Stamp set issue: 22.10.2019

24) E TEMPO DE ESPERENCA (A Time for Hope", Portugal: An innovative Stamp: Correios de Portugal (or CTT - Portuguese Post) has issued a Postage Stamp for "HOPE" during the period of the Wuhan (China) Virus Pandemic gripping the world: Date of Stamp issue: 06.11.2020

25) Mahatma Gandhi (India), Portugal: CTT or Correios de Portugal (Portuguese Post) has issued a Postage Stamp of 0.90 Euros & Souvenir Sheet of 3.00 Euros on Khadi Cloth celebrating the 150th Birth Anniversary (1969-2019) of Mahatma Gandhi: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 02.10.2021

26) Portuguese Textile Industry, Portugal: CTT Correios (Portuguese Post) has issued four Postage Stamps and Souvenir Sheets depicting Portuguese Textiles: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 17.06.2017

27) The Legends of "Pero Botelho's Caldera, Miracle of Our Lady of Nazare and Machin", Portugal: EUROPA - 2022: "Stories and Myths" Theme: CTT or Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) has issued a set of three EUROPA Stamps depicting the Legends/Myths: Date of Stamps issue: 09.05.2022

28) The Legends of "Pero Botelho's Caldera, Miracle of Our Lady of Nazare and Machin", Madeira: EUROPA - 2022: "Stories and Myths Theme: CTT or Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) has issued a set of two EUROPA Stamps on behalf of Madeira, depicting the Legends/Myths: Date of Stamps issue: 09.05.2022

29) The Legends of Pero Botelho's Caldera, Miracle of Our Land of Nazare and Machin", Azores: EUROPA - 2022: "Stories and Myths" Theme: CTT or Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) has issued a set of two EUROPA Stamps on behalf of Azores, depicting the Legands/Myths: Date of Stamp issue: 09.05.2022

30) "Ancient Cities of the Mediterranean - Mythical City of Tartessos & its artistic exchanges in the region", Portugal: "EUROMED" theme for 2022: Correios (Portugal Post) has issued two postage Stamps of 2.05 and 0.74 Euro: Date of Stamp set issue: 11.07.2022

31) "XXXV World Youth Day (WYD) Lisbon - 2023, Portugal: CTT or Correios de Portugal (Portuguese Post) has issued two postage stamps of 0.57 Euro and 1.05 Euro celebrating this day: Date of Stamps issued: 01.08.2022)

32) The Vasco da Gama Aquarium, Portugal: 125th Anniversary (1898-2023): The Imprensa Nacional da Moeda (INCM) has issued 7.50 Euro Silver Proof and Colour Coins that mark the 125th Anniversary of the Aquarium: Date/Year of Coin issue: 2023

33) Unicorn, Portugal: "Mythological Heroes and Creatures": The Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda (INCM) has released the first coins in the Series: 5 Euro Cupro-nickel, 5 Euro Silver and 5 Euro Gold Proof Colour Coins begin the Series: Date/Year of Coins issue: 09/2023

34) An old legend says Ulysses founded the city of Lisbon, Portugal

35) National Archeological Discoveries, Portugal: CTT - Correos de Portugal, S.A. (CTT stands for Correios, Teleconunicacoes e Transportes") has issued one EUROPA Stamp featuring the Child of Lapedo (Old Oil Press Shelter, Lapedo Valley, Leiria): Date/Year of Stamp issue: 16.05.2025

36) National Archeological Discoveries, Azores: CTT (Correios de Portugal) has issued one EUROPA Stamp featuring the master foundry of D Joao III, Joham Diaz, and removed from the waters of Angra Bay in 1972: Date/Year of stamp issue: 16.05.2025

37) National Archeological Discoveries, Madiera: CTT - Correios de Portugal, S.A. (CTT Correios) has issued one EUROPA Stamp featuring the Sugar Industry or "White Gold" (Funchal): Date/Year of Stamp issue: 16.05.2025

38) The Centuries-Old Art of Azulejo", Republic of Portugal: A set of Five Euro Tile Shaped Proof and Colour Silver Coins issued by the Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda - INCM (The Portuguese Coining MInt): Date/Year of Coin set issue: 2025

39) "Common Design - 70 Years of EUROPA Stamps", Portugal: Correios (Portugal Post) has issued one EUROPA Stamp (1.30 Euro) and One souvenir sheet (3.75 Euro): Date of issue: 09.05.2026

40) "Common Design - 70 Years of EUROPA Stamps", Madeira, Portugal: CTT Correos de Portugal, S.A. (CTT stands for Correios Telecommunications e Transportes" (Portugal Post) has issued one EUROPA Stamp (1.30 EURO) and one Souvenir-sheet (3.75 Euro) on behalf of Madiera: Date of issue: 09.05.2026

41) The Cicadas od Portugal: CTT or Correios de Portugal (Portuguese Post) has brought out a set of six Postage Stamps featuring Cicadas of Portugal: Date/Year of Stamp set issue: 19.06.2026

The "Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series:

1) Joao de Barros (1496 - 20.10.1570) (Sea-faring Explorer and Historian), Portugal: "The Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series which was replaed by the Euro on 28.02.2002: A 500 Escudo Banknote issued by Banka de Portugal featuring Barros: Date of Banknote issue: 17.04.1997

2) Pedro Alvarez Cabral, Portugal: "The Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series which was replaced by the Euro on 28.02.2002: A 1000 Escudo Banknote issued by the Banka de Portugal featuring Cabral: Date of Banknote issue:15.04.1996

3) Vasco da Gama, Portugal: "The Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series which was replaced by the euro on 28.02.2002: A 5000 Escudo Banknote issued by the Banka de Portugal featuring Vasco da Gama: Date of Banknote issue: 12.09.1996

My Stamp Album - The Adventures of Tori & Co.:

i) "MyStamp Album - The Adventures of Tori & Co." ("O Meu Album De Selos As aventuras de Pori & Companhia"), Portugal: Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) began this Stamp Series in 2017, where Tori & his friends travel through space and time learning about the country's history, economy etc: Year of first issue: 2017

ii) My Stamp Album - "The adventures of Tori & Co." ("O Meu Album De Selos As aventuras de Pori & Companhia"), Portugal: Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) began this Stamp Series in 2017, where Tori & his friends travel through space and time learning about the country's history, economy etc. Year of Second issue: 2018

iii) "My Stamp Album - The Adventures of Tori & Co." ("O Meu Album De Selos As aventuras de Pori & Companhia"), Portugal: Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) began this Stamp Series in 2017, where Tori & his friends travel through space and time learning about the country's history, economy etc.: Year of third issue: 2019

iv) "My Stamp Album - The Adventures of Tori & Co." ("O Meu Album De Selos As aventuras de Pori & Companhia"), Portugal: Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) began this Stamp Series in 2017, where Tori & his friendes travel through space and time learning about the country's history, economy, technology and Natural Resources etc.: Year of fourth issue: 2020

v) "My Stamp Album - The Adventures of Tori & Co." ("O Meu Album De Selos" As Aventuras de Pori & Companhia"), Portugal: Correios Portugal (Portuguese Post) began this Stamp Series in 2017, where Tori & his friends travel through space and time learning about the country's history, economy, technology, Natural Resources etc: Year of fifth issue: 2021

vi) "My Stamp Album - The Adventures of Tori & Co." (O Meu Album De Selos As aventuras de Pori & Companhia") Corrios Portugal (Portuguese Post) began this Stamp Series in 2017, where Tori & his friends travel through soace and time learning about the country's history, economy etc: Year of Sixth issue: 2022

Spain and Spanish Culture through its Animals Gold Coin Series:

1) "El Toro Bravo", Spain: "Spain and Spanish Culture through its animals": Second "BULLion" Gold Coin in the Series: THe Fabrica Nacional Moneda y Timbre (FNMT), Real Casa de Moneda (The Spanish Mint) has released a 1/10th-Oz Gold Coin depcting one of Spain's most recognisable animals: Date of Coin issue: 30.03.2023

2) "Iberian Lynx", Spain: "Spain and Spanish Culture through its animals": First Bullion Gold Coin in the Series: The Fabrica Nacional Moneda y Timbre (FNMT), Real Casa de Moneda (The Spanish Mint) has released a 1.00 Oz Gold Coin depicting the Iberian Lynx: Date of Coin issue: 01.12.2001

3) "CABALLO CARTUJANO", Spain: "Spain and Spanish Culture through its animals": Third "Bullion" Gold Coin in the Series: The Fabrica Nacional Moneda y Timbre (FNMT), Real Casa de Moneda (The Spanish Mint) has released a 1/10th Oz Gold Coin depicting a Cartujono Stallion: Date of Coin issue: 07/2023 

4) Eurasian Brown Bear, Spain: Annual Gold Bullion Coins: Fifth "Bullion" 1.5 Euro Gold Coin in the Series: The Fabrica Nacional Moneda y Timbre (FNMT), Real Casa de Moneda (The Spanish Mint) has released a 1/10th-oz Gold Coin depicting one of Spain's most recignisable animals: Date/Year of Coin release: 2025

5) "Imperial Eagle", Spain: Annual Gold Bullion Coins: Fourth "Bullion 1.5 Euro Gold Coin in the series: The Fabrica Nacional Moneda y Timbre (FNMT), Real Casa de Moneda (The Spanish Mint) has released a 1/10th-oz Gold Coin depicting one of Spain's most recognisable animals: Date/Year of Coin release: 2024

Some interesting links to Spanish & Portuguese exploration:

1) History of Navigation (or "Historia de la Navigacion"): 2nd issue: A set of four coins brought out by the Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Real Casa de la Moneda" (FNMT-RCM):: 02/2019

2) 500th Anniversary of the "First Circum-navigational Voyage" by Magalhaes - El Cano (Magellan - El Cano) Expedition: Portugal-Spain Joint Philatelic Issue: Stamp issue date: 12.09.2019

3) Spain: Second Coin released in the popular Coin Series titled - "V Centenario Vuelta al Mundo" (meaning - Fifth Centenary of the First Circumnavigation of the World") Collector Coin Series released by the Fabrica Nacional Moneda y Timbre - Real Casa de la Moneda on 16.11.2020

4) "Ancient Cities of the Mediterranean & Maritime Archeology" featuring the ship Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes", Spain: "EUROMED" theme for 2022: A Stamp of 3.00 Euro brought out by Espana Correos (Spanish Post): Date of Stamp issue: 11.07.2022

5) Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron, Sea Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3.00 Euro printed on wooden paper, simulating the material on which the ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 26.10.2022

6) 500th Anniversary of the first circumnavigation of the World, Spain: The FNMT - Real Casa de la Moneda has issued 40 Euro Silver Coins which celebrate the milestone: Date of Coins issue: 12.12.2022

Discoverers of Oceania Annual Stamp Series:

i) Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, Spanish Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Correos Espana (Spanish Post) has issued a Stamp printed on wooden paper, simulating the material on which ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 22.06.2021

ii) Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron, Sea Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3.00 Euro printed on wooden paper, simulating the material on which the ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 26.10.2022

iii) 500th Anniversary of the first circumnavigation of the World, Spain: The FNMT - Real Casa de la Moneda has issued 40 Euro Silver Coins which celebrate the milestone: Date of Coins issue: 12.12.2022

iv) Gonzalo Gomez de Espinoza, Sea Explorer, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3.00 Euro printed on wooden paper simulating the material on which the ships were built: Date of Stamp issue: 26.09.2023

v) Toribio Alonso de Salazar (died 05.09.1526), Spanish Navigator, Spain: "Discoverers of Oceania Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a postage stamp of 3.00 Euro on him: Date of Stamp issue: 25.09.2024

Portugal:

1) 500th Anniversary of the "First Circum-navigational Voyage" by Magalhaes - El Cano (Magellan - El Cano) Expedition: Portugal-Spain Joint Philatelic Issue: Stamp issue date: 12.09.2019

2) "Discovery of Antarctica", Portugal: Correios da Portugal (CTT - Portuguese Post) has brought out a set of stamps featuring the important discovery hypothesised by Aristotle in )384-322 BC): Date of Stamp set issue: 16.06.2021

3) "Joao Da Nova, Portuguese Sea Explorer, Portugal: "Five Centuries of the Portuguese presence in the Southern Seas": A set of two stamps issued on him by CTT or Corrieos de Portugal Post (Portuguese Post): Date of Stamp issue: 11.10.2021

The "Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series:

1) Joao de Barros (1496 - 20.10.1570) (Sea-faring Explorer and Historian), Portugal: "The Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series which was replaed by the Euro on 28.02.2002: A 500 Escudo Banknote issued by Banka de Portugal featuring Barros: Date of Banknote issue: 17.04.1997

2) Pedro Alvarez Cabral, Portugal: "The Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series which was replaced by the Euro on 28.02.2002: A 1000 Escudo Banknote issued by the Banka de Portugal featuring Cabral: Date of Banknote issue:15.04.1996

3) Vasco da Gama, Portugal: "The Age of Discovery" Escudo Banknote Series which was replaced by the euro on 28.02.2002: A 5000 Escudo Banknote issued by the Banka de Portugal featuring Vasco da Gama: Date of Banknote issue: 12.09.1996

For posts on coins issued under the Eurostar Coin Programme, please visit the following links:

1) Europa Coin Programme: A series of six coins issued by the Monnaie de Paris (Paris Mint) with the theme "The Age of Iron & Glass" in January 2017

2) The Golden Age of Finnish Art: A 10 Euro Silver Coin issued by the Mint of Finland with the theme "The Age of Iron And Glass" on 20.02.2017

3) Baptism of Christ: 50 Euro Gold and 10 Euro Silver Coins issued by the Central Bank of Malta on the theme "Baroque and Rococo Art" on 14.03.2018

4) The "Baroque & Rococo Era" in France : Coins feature, The Hall of Mirrors, Rococo elements of the Palace of Versailles, philosopher Voltaire and the Dancing King Louis XIV in gold & silver coins issued during 2018, under the "Europa Coin Programme"

5) Suomenlinna Fortress & its Architect Augustin Ehrensvard: The "Baroque and Rococo Periods" of Europe: 10 Euro Silver coin issued on 18.05.2018 

6) Leonardo da Vinci, France: The latest issue from the Monnaie de Paris, France highlights him on the latest Europa Silver Star Coin Programme issued by the Paris Mint: Coin issue date: 03/2019

7) i) "Europa Coin Programme" or the "European Star Programme" or the "Eurostar Programme" ii) Central Bank of Malta issues 50 Euro (Gold) and 10 Euro (Silver) Proof Coins featuring "Architecture and artwork of the Gothic Era" in 05/2020 (which is a part of the wider programme focussing on the Ages of Europe: Date of Coins issue: 08.05.2020

8) Baptism of Christ: "Europa Coin Programme": Baroque & Rococo periods: Guiseppe Mazzuli's famed statue depicted on Central Bank of Malta Gold and Silver coins issued on 14.03.2018

9) Malta: Renaissance Era Ship design depicting the Order of St. John's "Gran Carracca Sant' Anna" features of the latest Europa Silver Star Programme issue from the Central Bank of Malta: Coin issue date: 15.03.2019

10) i) "Europa Coin Programme" or the "European Star Programme" or the "Eurostar Programme" ii) Central Bank of Malta issues 50 Euro (Gold) and 10 Euro (Silver) Proof Coins featuring "Architecture and artwork of the gothic Era" in 05/2020 (which is a part of the wider programme focussing on the ages of Europe: Date of Coins issue: 08.05.2020

11) I) "Europa Coin Programme" or the "European Star Programme" or the Eurostar Programme" II) The Fabrica Nacoinal Moneda y Timbre - Real Casa de Moneda have issued their fifth and final Gold (200 Euros) and Silver (10 Euros) Proof Coins focussing on the Gothic Era (which is a part of the wider programme focussing on the "Ages of Europe": Year of Coin issue: 09/2020

12) "Europa Coin Programme" or the "European Star Programme" or the "Eurostar Programme" ii) Imprensa Nacional - Casa Da Moeda, Portugal has issued the final Gold, Silver and Copper-Nickel (5 Euro) Coins focussing on the Gothic Era (which is part of the wider programme focussing on the "Ages of Europe": Year of Coin issue: 11/2020

Links to interesting posts on Coins & Banknotes of Japan:

1) Coins and Currency/Banknotes of the Japanese Yen

2) The Era of "Reiwa", Japan: New Banknotes and Coins will be introduced by the Bank of Japan to bring in the new Era in Japanese monarchy: Banknote issue scheduled for 2024; Coin issue scheduled for 2021

3) Japanese Trade Dollars: Niue Island in partnership with East India Company Bullion Ltd. has issued the fourth coin in the five-coin series titled "The Trade Dollar Collection" depicting five Trade Dollar Coins which shaped commerce in various parts of the world: A Gold 250 Dollar and a Silver 1 Dollar issued in 2019

4) Annual Proof and Mint Sets, Japan: Coin sets and Coins, which will be available to cellectors through 2020, together-with complimenting medals

5) Amaterasu, Sun Goddess (Japan), Niue Island: The first Coin in the Coin Series titled "Divine Faces of the Sun": A $5 (Five Dollars - NZD) Coin minted by Mint XXI, Poland depicting the Celestial Goddess: Year of Coin issue: 2021

6) Mount Olympus, Mont Saint-Michel & Mount Fuji, France: Gold & Silver Coins issued by Monnaie de Paris on these UNESCO World Heritage Sites in phases during 2-20: Mount Olympus Coins issued on 07.07.2020

7) Himeji Castle (Japan), Kingdom of Cambodia: First coin in the "Landmarks of Asia Coin Series": A 5,000 Riel Silver Proof Coin minted by The Singapore Mint on behalf of the Republic of Cambodia: Coin issue Year: 03/2020

8) "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", Niue Islands: A $1 (One Dollar) Silver Coin issued/minted by the Mint of Poland on behalf of Niue Island: Year of Coin issue: 2020

9) New Bi-metallic 500-Yen Coins, Japan: The Finance Ministry of Japan in collaboration with the Mint of Japan is releasing these coins, which are scheduled for circulation in 11/2021

10) 150th Anniversary of the founding of Japan's Postal Service (1871-2021), Japan: Gold and Silver Proof Coins issued by the Mint of Japan, in coordination with the Ministry of Finance (MoF), Japan: Year of Coins issue: 2021

11) Did You Know Series (61): The tale of the Japanese Akita dog "Hachiko" whose loyalty to his master continued much after his Master Hidesaburo Uena had passed away, inspiring a nation

12) "Kiyomizu-dera Temple", Japan: National Treasures of Japan Medals/Coins: The Japan Mint has issued Gold and Silver Medals depicting this iconic Buddhist Temple: Date of Coin issue: 2022

13) Origami, Crane, Spain: "Leisure and Hobbies Stamp Series": Espana Correos (Spanish Post) has issued a Miniature Sheet (MS) of 4.60 Euro depicting the Art of Origami - Making of a Crane: Date of Stamp issue: 20.10.2022

14) 150th Anniversary of Railways in Japan (1872-2022): The Japan Mint has issued a 1,000 Yen Silver Coin to commemorate the milestone: Date/Year of Coin issue:14) 150th Anniversary of Railways in Japan (1872-2022): The Japan Mint has issued a 1,000 Yen Silver Coin to commemorate the milestone: Date/Year of Coin issue: 04.10.2022 

Posts on Indian Railways:

1) Celebrating 150 Years of serving the Indian Nation by the Railways in 2002-03

Posts on United Kingdom Railways:

1) Commemorating 150 Years of the London Underground : Two pound Coins minted by the Royal Mint UK, showing the "Roundel" logo and a train emerging from a tunnel 

2) A Five Pounds Banknote issued on George Stephenson (an Engineer) also depicting "Rocket" his Railway Locomotive and Skeene Bridge on the Stockton Darlington Railway (1825) - since withdrawn

3) "200 Years of Rail Travel", United Kingdom (UK): Gold and Silver Proof Coins highlight the memorable journey: Date/Year of Coins issue: 2025

4) Steam Locomotives, United Kingdom (UK): 200th Anniversarey (1825-2025) of the Stockton and Darlington Railway: Royal Mail, UK has issued a set of six First Class Stamps featuring the Anniversary Celebrations: Date/Year of Stamp Set issue: 25.09.2025

5) The Flying Scotsman Steam Locomotive, Scotland, United Kingdom (UK): 100th Anniversary of the iconic locomotive: Royal Mail has issued a set of postage stamps reliving the Golden Age of Steam Travel, when this iconic locomotive plied majestically on itsd designated routes: Date/Year of Stamp set issue: 09.03.2023

Japanese Railways:

1) 150th Anniversary of Railways in Japan (1872-2022): The Japan Mint has issued a 1,000 Yen Silver Coin to commemorate the milestone: Date/Year of Coin issue: 04.10.2022

Steam Power - Australian Rail Heritage Coin Series:

1) Queensland Rail A10 No. 6 - "STEAM POWER - Australian Rail Heritage" - Australia: Forst Coin in the 50 Cents Coin Series features the iconic Steam Engine now kept in the Queensland Rail Heritage Fleet at the Workshops Rail Museum: Year of Coin issue: 2021

2) "Wee Georgie Wood" - TASMANIA - North Mount Farell Mine Tramway" Railway, Australia: "STEAM POWER - Australian Rail Heritage: - Steam Engines Coin Series: Second Coin in the 50 Cents Coin Series features the iconic 1924 Stem Engine: Year of Coin issue: 2022

3) "NSW South Maitland Railways (SMR) - No. 25", Australia: STEAM POWER - Australian Rail Heritage" - Steam Engines Coin Series": Third Coin in the 50 Cents Coin Series features the iconic Steam Engine built in 1923: Year of Coin issue: 2022

4) "Victorian Railways (VR) R711 'Spirit of Bendigo", Australia: "STEAM POWER -Australian Rail Heritage" - Steam Engines Coin Series": Fourth Coin in the 50 Cents Coin Series features the iconic Steam Engine built in 1951: Year of Coin issue: 2022

5) "WA Railways W-945 'Bankiasiadale', Australia: "STEAM POWER - Australian Rail Heritage" - Steam Engines Coin Series": Fifth Coin in the 50 Cents Coin Series features the iconic WAGR Class introduced in the 1950s: Year of Coin issue: 2022

6) "SA Railways No. 504 'Tom Barr Smith' ", Australia: "STEAM POWER - Australian Rail Heritage" - Steam Engines Coin Series": Sixth Coin in the 50 Cents Coin Series features the iconic Steam Emgine introduced into operations on 18.10.1926: Year of Coin issue: 2022

Other links:

1) The Afghan Express, Australia's iconic Train nicknamed "The Ghan": 90th Anniversary of the iconic Transcontinental Passenger Train: A 50 Cent Colour applied coin brought out by the Royal Australian Mint on 08.07.2019

2) Indian-Pacific Railway Service, Australia: 50th Anniversary of the iconic train service: A Commemorative 50 Cent Coin issued by the Royal Australian Mint (RAM): Year of issue: 2020:

Posts on Romanian Locomotives/Trains:

6) Steam Locomotives", Romania: Romfilatelia (Romanian Post) has issued a set of fout postage stamps featuriung steam locomotives: Date/Year of Stamp Set issus: 24.09.2025

Posts on Czechoslovakia Trains:

11) Skoda 498 "Albatros" Steam Locomotive, Czechoslovakia: A Gold Medal issued by the Czech Mint commemorating the iconic "workhorse" of the 1940s upto 1970s: Date/Year of Medal issue: 2021

Posts on Trains Stamps from Spain:

1) The New Silk Road: A Joint issue of a two Stamp Set of 1.50 Euros each by Spain (Correos Post) and China: Stamps issue date: 01.07.2019

2) Historic Trains - Euskotren Steam Train, Spain: A postage stamp issued by Correios (Spanish Post): Date/Year of Stamp issue: 27.09.2025

Crypto Stamps with NFT:

:1) Croatian Crypto Stamp - 2, Croatia: A 50 HRK stamp (a combination of the analog and the digital) issued by "Hrvatska Posta" (Croatian Post) in coordination with the Croatian Blockchain community gathered around the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Association: Date of Stamp issue: 16.12.2020

2) Did You Know Series (49): Dogecoin (DOGE), Blockchain Mint, Singapore: Blockchain Mint has issued Silver DOGE Medals in three variants - i) Silver Dogecoin Cryptocurrency Medal Gem BU, ii) Silver Dogecoin Cryptocurrency Medal Proof-Like in Blister Pak, iii) Dogecoin Cryptocurrency Commemorative Medal Antiqued in Blister Pak: Date of Medal release/shipping: 05/2021

3) Did You Know Series (50): A Guest Post by Avery Wright: "Is Making the Crypto Space Legally Complaint Paving the Road to Mass (Blockchain) Adoption?" - A perspective:

4) Gibraltar Cryptocurrency Stamp: Stamp value 4 Pounds: Date of Stamp issue: 15.05.2021: (Pre-orderd accepted from 19.04.2021):

5) Bit-Coin Backed Banknotes are being envisaged by "Noteworthy" which are aimed at generating user confidence in the Cryptocurrency

6) "Blockchain Technology", Principality of Liechtenstein: A Crypto Stamp of CHF 5.20 titled "Perspective" issued by Liechtensteinische Post: Date of Stamp issue: 06.09.2021

7) "Bitcoin Logo", Niue Island: A $2 (Two Dollars) Silver Brilliant Uncirculated (BU) Coin features this iconic Logo of the well known Cryptocurrency: Year of Coin issue: 2022

8) Crypto-stamp - Rimec Nevera, Croatia: Hrvatska posta (Croatian Post) has issued a Crypto-stamp Souvenir Sheet (a combination of the analog and the digital) of One Stamp of HRK50.00 on a PVC background: Date of Crypto-stamp issue: 09.09.2021

9) "UN Crypto Stamps", United Nations: "New Technologies for the United Nations Stamp Series": United Nations Postal Administration brought out its first time ever UN Crypto Stamps, which run on Etherium Blockchain: Date of Stamps issue: 24.11.2020

10) "Equality", Liechtenstein: A "BlockChain Stamp Series: A Stamp 4.1 "Equality issued by Liechtensteinische Post (Philately Liechtenstein) with a face value of CHF 9.00): Date of Stamp issue: 09.09.2022

11) Croatian Crypto Stamp, Croatia: A 50 HRK Stamp (a combination of the analog and the digital) issued by "Hrvatska Posta (Croatian Post) in coordination with the Croatian Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Association: Date of Crypto Stamp issue: 09.09.2020

12) Crypto Stamp 4.0 - Grab the Bull by the Horns - set, Austria: Osterreichische Post AG (Austrian Post) has released a Joint-issue between two countries - Austria and Netherlands, featuring the new technology "Augmented Reality", with a new motif of the Bull: Date of Crypto Stamp issue: 28.10.2022

13) "UN Crypto Stamps", United Nations: "New Technologies for the United Nations Stamp Series": Series II of United Nations Crypto Stamps issued by the United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) which run on Blockchain Technolgy: Date of Stamps issue:18.11.2022

14) 2022 NL Crypto Stamp - Duo Set Crypto The Netherlands (NL) + Oostenrijk (Austria) - Collectibles: Date of Joint Crypto Stamp issue: 22.09.2022

15) Nikola Tesla's inventions as motifs feature on Croatia's Fourth Crypto Stamp of 50 HRK issued by Hrvatska Posta (Croatian Post): Date of Crypto Stamp issue: 20.12.2022

16) "The Four Seasons" Crypto Stamps, Faroe Islands: The Faroe Islands Post (Posta Faroe Islands) has issued a set of four Crypto Stamps of 100 DKK (Danish Kroners) each featuring the "Four Seasons": Date of Stamp set issue: 23.06.2023

17) Professor Balthazar motifs feature on Croatia's Fifth Crypto Stamp of 7.80 Euro issued by Hrvatska Posta (Croatian Post): Date of Crypto Stamp issue: 07.09.2023

18) "Business Fox" or "Crypto Fox" with NFT. LiechtensteiLiechtsteinsche Post AG (Liechtenstein POst) has issued this Crypto Stamp in its continuimg series of Crypto Stamp issues: Date/Year of Crypto STamp issue: 02.09.2024

19) The World's first Multi-lateral Crypto Stamp, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands (Austria & BENELUX): Date/Year of Crypto Stamp issue: 21.10.2024

20) "Gibraltar Crypto Miniature Sheet Series" - A 5 Pounds Crypto Stamp celebrates the spirit of European Football issued by Gibraltar Post: Date/Year of Crypto Stamp issued: 04.07.2024

21) Crypto Stamp Island, Austria: Austrian Post has introduced a unique project - The world's first Crypto Stamp comic featuring their popular heroes: Date of Crypto Stamp issue: 21.10.2024

22) Empress Sisi and Emperor Franz Josef immortalised in physical form and on the blockchain, Austria: Oserreichische Post AG (Austrian Post) has issued this Crypto Stamp Art: Date/Year of Stamp issue: 12.12.2024

23) Swiss Crypto Stamp 5.0, Switzerland: Three main versions - Basic Edition, Silver Edition and Bronze Esition: Date/Year of Crypto Stamp issue: 09.12.2024

24) "The Creator - Techno Totem" : 1000 Satoshi, 2 oz Pure Silver Antique Finish Coin - Minted By: Mint XXI, Poland - United Crypto States (UCS): Date/Year of Coin issue: 2025

25) The Wings of Freedom 1000 Satoshi 1 oz Pure Silver Proof Gilded Coin - Minted By: Mint xxx, Poland - United Crypto States: Date/Year of Coin issue: 2025

26) A 25 Euro Silver Niobium Coin Set including Digitalised Crypto stamp: Date/Year of Digitised Crypto Stamp set issue: 12.03.2025

27) 0,001 Ether Ethereum (ETH) - United Crypto States: 1 oz Ag 999: Date of ETH issue: 10.10.2025

28) Athena, Goddess of Strategy, inspires bpost's new Crypto Stamp, Belgium: Date/Year of Crypto Stamp issue: 18.09.2025

29) Posiedon, Portugal: Heroes of Mythology Crypto Stamp series:m Correios de Portugal S.A. (CTT Portugal) has issued a Crypto stamp: Date/Year of Crypto Stamp issue: 18.09.202