4536) Did You Know Series (140): 1) The Flying Dutchman: 2) What is "Fata Morgana" which makes boats & ships appear to be flying in the air far above the water-line:
When I was on a trip to Goa many years ago, I got fascinated by a large boat which seemed to be floating in air. It was at least a couple of feet above the water=line.
Ever since then, I have been intrigued with thos phenomenon. I came to know that this gliding in the air phenomenon is called "The Flying Dutchman" where the boat of ship seems to be flying much above the waterline.
The Flying Dutchman (Dutch: De Vliegende Hollander) is a legendary ghost ship, allegedly never able to make port and doomed to sail the seven seas forever. The myths and ghost stories are likely to have originated from the 17th-century Golden Age of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
The Flying Dutchman is usually spotted from afar, sometimes seen to be glowing with ghostly light.
One of the possible explanations of the origin of the Flying Dutchman legend is a Fata Morgana mirage seen at sea.
A Fata Morgana superior mirage of a ship can take many different forms. Even when the boat in the mirage does not seem to be suspended in the air, it still looks ghostly, and unusual, and what is even more important, it is ever-changing in its appearance. Sometimes a Fata Morgana causes a ship to appear to float inside the waves, at other times an inverted ship appears to sail above its real companion.
In fact, A Fata Morgana is a complex form of mirage visible in a narrow band right above the horizon. The term Fata Morgana is the Italian translation of Morgan le Fay of Arthurian legend.
These mirages are often seen in the Italian Strait of Messina and were described as fairy castles in the air or false land conjured by her magic.
With a Fata Morgana it can be hard to say which individual segment of the mirage is real and which is not real: when a real ship is out of sight because it is below the horizon line, a Fata Morgana can cause the image of it to be elevated, and then everything which is seen by the observer is a mirage.
On the other hand, if the real ship is still above the horizon, the image of it can be duplicated many times and elaborately distorted by a Fata Morgana'
Fata Morgana mirages significantly distort the object or objects on which they are based, often such that the object is completely unrecognisable.
A Fata Morgana may be seen at sea or on land, in polar regions, or in deserts.
It may involve almost any kind of distant object, including boats, islands, and the coastline.
Often, a Fata Morgana changes rapidly. The mirage comprises several inverted (upside down) and upright images stacked on top of one another. Fata Morgana mirages also show alternating compressed and stretched zones.
The optical phenomenon occurs because rays of light bend when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion where an atmospheric duct has formed.
In calm weather, a layer of significantly warmer air may rest over colder dense air, forming an atmospheric duct that acts like a refracting lens, producing a series of both inverted and erect images.
A Fata Morgana requires a duct to be present; thermal inversion alone is not enough to produce this kind of mirage. While a thermal inversion often takes place without there being an atmospheric duct, an atmospheric duct cannot exist without there first being a thermal inversion.
The “Flying Dutchman effect” is caused by a rare optical illusion known as a Fata Morgana, a type of superior mirage that makes ships appear to float above the sea. It happens when layers of air at different temperatures bend light in unusual ways, tricking the eye into seeing ghostly hovering vessels.
Albert Pinkham Ryder, Flying Dutchman, completed by 1887, oil on canvas mounted on fiberboard, 14 1⁄4 x 17 1⁄4 in. (36.1 x 43.8 cm.), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of John Gellatly, 1929.6.95
The Flying Dutchman (Dutch: De Vliegende Hollander) is a legendary ghost ship, allegedly never able to make port and doomed to sail the sea forever. The myths and ghost stories are likely to have originated from the 17th-century Golden Age of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and of Dutch maritime power.
The oldest known extant version of the legend dates from the late 18th century.
According to the legend, if hailed by another ship, the crew of the Flying Dutchman might try to send messages to land, or to people long dead. Reported sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries claimed that the ship glowed with a ghostly light.
In ocean lore, the sight of this phantom ship functions as a portent of doom. It was commonly believed that the Flying Dutchman was a 17th-century cargo vessel known as a fluyt.
There is a song by "The Jolly Rogers" of a ship just come out of the harbour, where it sights a battered frigate signalling it to take a barrel of letters home, which I have in my music Collection.
Its lyrics are like this: The Flying Dutchman:
The sky was grey and cloudy
And the wind was from the west
When we spied a battered frigate
With her tattered sail full dressed
They signaled they had letters home
They asked if we could take
They dropped them in a barrel
They left bobbing in their wake
We reefed the sails and slowed the ship
To fish the barrel out
The old ship sailed to the distance
Then we saw her come about
The captain watched through a spy-glass
When we heard him catch his breath
And we saw the storm a-brewing
Had become a wall of death
Turn this ship around me boys
Turn around and run!
That storm it wants a battle
And it's sure that were outgunned!
What of the ship that's out there
Do we leave her to the gale?
She's called the Flying Dutchman
And it's rage that fills her sails!
The thunder growled like demons
And the lightning stabbed the waves
And the Dutchman she leapt towards us
Riding fury from the grave
Our captain, he stayed at the wheel
The crew they manned the lines
And still that ship and storm
Were quickly closing in behind
Our ship we crest a giant wave
And crashed to the trough below
And the crew held on to what they could
They were damned if they let go
The rain and sea and storm winds
Crashed against our ship with wrath
And from the deck of that cursed ship
We could hear them laugh
Turn this ship around me boys!
Turn around and run!
That storm it wants a battle
And it's sure that we're outgunned!
That ghostly ship is hunting us
It's bringing on the gale!
She's called the Flying Dutchman
And it's rage that fills her sails!
That was when we sighted land
It became a race with time
We believed in Santa Marta
The Dutchman closing in behind
"Risk it all!" the captain howled
"It's the only chance we've got!"
Salvation, if we make it
And our souls, if we get caught
The storm was all around us
And the Dutchman cut our wind
The beast nearly capsized us
And we watched our strong mast bend
We were almost to the harbor
We could see the natural break
And each man willed her forward
For they knew what was at stake
Turn this ship around me boys!
Turn around and run!
That storm it wants a battle
And it's sure that we're outgunned!
That ghostly ship is hunting us
It's bringing on the gale!
She's called the Flying Dutchman
And it's rage that fills her sails!
Once we charged into that harbor
The Flying Dutchman heaved away
And we heard their bitter screams
For the devil lost his prey
Once we made it safely
To the leeward of the bay
We cracked that barrel open
To see what those letters say
There must have been a hundred
And that's when we realized
These moldy parchments were addressed
To those who'd long since died
If you see a battered frigate
'Neath a grey and stormy sky
Give way and watch behind you
Or you'll hear your captain cry
Turn this ship around me boys!
Turn around and run!
That storm it wants a battle
And it's sure that we're outgunned!
That ghostly ship is hunting us
It's bringing on the gale!
She's called the Flying Dutchman
And it's rage that fills her sails!
The legend of the Flying Dutchman is likely to have originated from the 17th-century golden age of the VOC.
The first known print reference to the ship appears in Travels in various part of Europe, Asia and Africa during a series of thirty years and upward (1790) by John MacDonald:
“The weather was so stormy that the sailors said they saw the Flying Dutchman. The common story is that this Dutchman came to the Cape in distress of weather and wanted to get into harbour but could not get a pilot to conduct her and was lost and that ever since in very bad weather her vision appears.”
The next literary reference appears in Chapter VI of A Voyage to Botany Bay (1795) (also known as A Voyage to New South Wales), attributed to George Barrington (1755–1804):
“I had often heard of the superstition of sailors respecting apparitions and doom, but had never given much credit to the report; it seems that some years since a Dutch man-of-war was lost off the Cape of Good Hope, and every soul on board perished; her consort weathered the gale, and arrived soon after at the Cape.
Having refitted, and returning to Europe, they were assailed by a violent tempest nearly in the same latitude.
In the night watch some of the people saw, or imagined they saw, a vessel standing for them under a press of sail, as though she would run them down: one in particular affirmed it was the ship that had foundered in the former gale, and that it must certainly be her, or the apparition of her; but on its clearing up, the object, a dark thick cloud, disappeared.”
Nothing could do away the idea of this phenomenon on the minds of the sailors; and, on their relating the circumstances when they arrived in port, the story spread like wild-fire, and the supposed phantom was called the Flying Dutchman.
From the Dutch the English seamen got the infatuation, and there are very few Indiamen, but what has some one on board, who pretends to have seen the apparition.
The next literary reference introduces the motif of punishment for a crime, in Scenes of Infancy (Edinburgh, 1803) by John Leyden (1775–1811):
“It is a common superstition of mariners, that, in the high southern latitudes on the coast of Africa, hurricanes are frequently ushered in by the appearance of a spectre-ship, denominated the Flying Dutchman ... The crew of this vessel are supposed to have been guilty of some dreadful crime, in the infancy of navigation; and to have been stricken with pestilence ... and are ordained still to traverse the ocean on which they perished, till the period of their penance expire.”
Thomas Moore (1779–1852) places the vessel in
the north Atlantic in his poem:
Written on passing Dead-man's Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Late in the evening, September 1804: "Fast gliding along, a gloomy bark / Her sails are full, though the wind is still, / And there blows not a breath her sails to fill." A footnote adds: "The above lines were suggested by a superstition very common among sailors, who call this ghost-ship, I think, 'the flying Dutch-man'."
Walter Scott (1771–1832), a
friend of John Leyden's, was the first to refer to the vessel as a pirate ship,
writing in the notes to Rokeby (first published December 1812) that the ship
was "originally a vessel loaded with great wealth, on board of which some
horrid act of murder and piracy had been committed" and that the
apparition of the ship "is considered by the mariners as the worst of all
possible omens".
Scott notes that Leyden shared a similar legend, but that Leyden had named their crime not as piracy, but as being the first ship to bring enslaved people from Africa.
According to some sources, 17th-century Dutch captain Bernard Fokke is the model for the captain of the ghost ship.
Fokke was renowned for the speed of his trips from the Netherlands to Java and was suspected of being in league with the Devil.
The first version of the legend as a story was printed in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine for May 1821, which puts the scene as the Cape of Good Hope.
This story names the Dutchman’s captain as Hendrick van der Decken and introduces the motifs (elaborated by later writers) of letters addressed to people long dead being offered to other ships for delivery, but if accepted will bring misfortune; and the captain having sworn to round the Cape of Good Hope though it should take until the day of judgment.
“She was an Amsterdam vessel and sailed from port seventy years ago. Her master's name was Van der Decken. He was a staunch seaman, and would have his own way in spite of the devil. For all that, never a sailor under him had reason to complain; though how it is on board with them nobody knows. The story is this: that in doubling the Cape they were a long day trying to weather the Table Bay.
However, the wind headed them, and went against them more and more, and Van der Decken walked the deck, swearing at the wind. Just after sunset a vessel spoke him, asking him if he did not mean to go into the bay that night.
Van der Decken replied: "May I be eternally damned if I do, though I should beat about here till the day of judgment."
And to be sure, he never did go into that bay, for it is believed that he continues to beat about in these seas still, and will do so long enough. This vessel is never seen but with foul weather along with her.
Reported sightings:
There have been many reported or alleged sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries.
A well-known sighting was by Prince George of Wales, the future King George V.
He was on a three-year voyage during his late adolescence in 1880 with his elder brother Prince Albert Victor of Wales and their tutor John Neill Dalton.
They temporarily shipped into HMS Inconstant after the damaged rudder was repaired in their original ship, the 4,000-tonne corvette HMS Bacchante. The prince's log records the following for the pre-dawn hours of 11 July 1881, off the coast of Australia:
“July 11th. At 4 a.m. the Flying Dutchman crossed our bows. A strange red light as of a phantom ship all aglow, in the midst of which light the masts, spars and sails of a brig 200 yards distant stood out in strong relief as she came up on the port bow, where also the officer of the watch from the bridge clearly saw her, as did the quarterdeck midshipman, who was sent forward at once to the forecastle; but on arriving there was no vestige nor any sign whatever of any material ship was to be seen either near or right away to the horizon, the night being clear and the sea calm.
Thirteen persons altogether saw her ... At 10.45 a.m. the ordinary seaman who had this morning reported the Flying Dutchman fell from the foretopmast crosstrees on to the topgallant forecastle and was smashed to atoms.”
Nicholas Monsarrat, the novelist who wrote “The
Cruel Sea”, described the phenomenon in the Pacific
Ocean in his unfinished final book "Master Mariner",
which was partly inspired by this tale (he lived and worked in South Africa
after the war) and the story of the Wandering Jew.
Some explanations as an optical illusion
Probably the most credible explanation is a
superior mirage or Fata Morgana seen at sea:
The news soon spread through the vessel that a phantom-ship with a ghostly crew was sailing in the air over a phantom-ocean, and that it was a bad omen, and meant that not one of them should ever see land again.
One captain was told the wonderful tale, and coming on deck, he explained to the sailors that this strange appearance was caused by the reflection of some ship that was sailing on the water below this image, but at such a distance they could not see it.
There were certain conditions of the atmosphere, he said, when the sun's rays could form a perfect picture in the air of objects on the earth, like the images one sees in glass or water, but they were not generally upright, as in the case of this ship, but reversed—turned bottom upwards.
This appearance in the air is called a mirage. He told a sailor to go up to the foretop and look beyond the phantom-ship. The man obeyed, and reported that he could see on the water, below the ship in the air, one precisely like it.
Just then another ship was seen in the air, only this one was a steamship, and was bottom-upwards, as the captain had said these mirages generally appeared. Soon after, the steamship itself came in sight. The sailors were now convinced, and never afterwards believed in phantom-ships.
Dutch Castles Coin Series:
For other interesting posts on issues from the Royal Dutch Mint, Netherlands and PostNL, please visit the following links:
10) First Atlases, Netherlands: Commemorating 450 Years of the first Atlas (1570-2020) & others: A Stamp Sheet of six stamps depicting the Atlases which were compiled in the Netherlands in the 16th & 17th Centuries AD: Stamp Set issued by POstNL: Date of Stamp Set issue: 23.03.2020
Intangible Cultural Heritage, Netherlands:
For interesting posts from the Caribbean Netherlands on "Experience Nature":
For interesting posts from the Caribbean Netherlands on this blog:
Links:
5) City of Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium: 20 Years as UNENCO World Heritage Site: A 20 Euro Silver Proof Coin issued by the Royakl Dutch Mint under licencing of the Royal Belgian Mint, on behalf of the National Bank of Belgium: Coin issue date: 26.02.2020
6) 100 Years of Nature & Environment Protection, Luxembourg: Commemorating the Centenary Anniversary of the "Letzebuerger Natur a Vulleschutsliga a.s.b.l. (Luxembourg Nature and Bird Protection Society):A 0.80 Euro Stamp issued by Luxembourg Postes (Post): Date of stamp issue: 10.03.2020
7) Celebrating 25 Years of listing on UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Luxembourg: A Commemorative Stamp of 0.80 Euro issued by Luxembourg Postes (Post): Stamp issue date: 10.03.2020
30) 100 Years of Surrealism in Belgium: Date of Stamp issue: 26.08.2024
4) Islamic Republic of Iran: Currencies of the Middle-East (4): "Toman" will be the new currency in place of "Rial": Banknotes and Coins to be circulated shortly
5) Banknotes of the Saudi Riyal: Currencies of the Middle East (5)
6) Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1918-2004): Celebrating his Birth Centenary by issue of a Commemorative Banknote of 100 Dirham by the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on 28.11.2018
7) Expo-2020 Dubai (10/2020-04/2021) Coins and Mascots, United Arab Emirates (UAE): Gold and Silver Foils, Coins and Medallions minted by the New Zealand Mint on behalf of the United Arab Emirates (UAE): Year of issue: 2020
Links to posts on Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
Links to posts on Paraguay:
Links to posts on Ecuador on this blog:
For other interesting posts:
5) City of Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium: 20 Years as UNENCO World Heritage Site: A 20 Euro Silver Proof Coin issued by the Royakl Dutch Mint under licencing of the Royal Belgian Mint, on behalf of the National Bank of Belgium: Coin issue date: 26.02.2020
6) 100 Years of Nature & Environment Protection, Luxembourg: Commemorating the Centenary Anniversary of the "Letzebuerger Natur a Vulleschutsliga a.s.b.l. (Luxembourg Nature and Bird Protection Society):A 0.80 Euro Stamp issued by Luxembourg Postes (Post): Date of stamp issue: 10.03.2020
7) Celebrating 25 Years of listing on UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Luxembourg: A Commemorative Stamp of 0.80 Euro issued by Luxembourg Postes (Post): Stamp issue date: 10.03.2020
30) 100 Years of Surrealism in Belgium: Date of Stamp issue: 26.08.2024
16) Ancient Postal Routes - the Postal Boat Race - between Aland and Sweden", Aland, Finland: A EUROPA Postage Stamp of 2.00 Euro issued by Aland Post: Date of Stamp issue: 08.05.2020
Posts on Aruba on this blog:
Posts on Finland on this Blog:
Posts on Aruba on this blog:
Links to Posts on Curacao on this Blog:
8) New Caribbean Guilder Banknotes and Coin designs for the Centrale Bank of Curacao & Sint Maarten
Other posts on European Capitals of Culture Posts - 2024:
Posts on SEPAC issues on this blog:
Links:
Posts on Aruba on this blog:
Posts on Sweden:
Links:
The undernoted two links will take you to our blog "Footloose" for two interesting posts written by me on the Dutch presence in Sadras in the 17th Century AD:
5) City of Bruges (or Brugge), Belgium: 20 Years as UNENCO World Heritage Site: A 20 Euro Silver Proof Coin issued by the Royakl Dutch Mint under licencing of the Royal Belgian Mint, on behalf of the National Bank of Belgium: Coin issue date: 26.02.2020
6) 100 Years of Nature & Environment Protection, Luxembourg: Commemorating the Centenary Anniversary of the "Letzebuerger Natur a Vulleschutsliga a.s.b.l. (Luxembourg Nature and Bird Protection Society):A 0.80 Euro Stamp issued by Luxembourg Postes (Post): Date of stamp issue: 10.03.2020
7) Celebrating 25 Years of listing on UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Luxembourg: A Commemorative Stamp of 0.80 Euro issued by Luxembourg Postes (Post): Stamp issue date: 10.03.2020
Posts on SEPAC issues on this blog:
Links to Posts on Turks and Caicos Islands:
Links to Posts on Curacao on this Blog:
Posts on Colombia:
3) Banknotes and Coinage of Colombia (Prat 1): The evolution of Coinage in Colombia
4) Banknotes and Coinage of Colombia (Part 2): History of evolution of Banknotes in Colombia
For some other interesting posts on Currencies of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, please visit the following links:
18) Sea Motifs, Bahamas: Gold Bullion Coins in the denominations of 100 Dollars (depicting a Blue Marlin) and 250 Dollars (depicting a Conch Shell): Coins issue date: 03.12.2019
19) A new Generation $100 Polymer Banknote, Trinidad and Tobago with enhanced security features to "raise the bar" for counterfeiters & unscrupulous elements: Banknote circulation date: 09.12.2019:
20) Festival di Tumba (Carnival of Curacao), Curacao: "50th Edition of the Curacao Carnival/Festival" held from 27-31.01.2020: A set of six Commemorative Postage Stamps brought out by Cpost (Curacao Post) on 20.02.2020
21) New Polymer Banknotes, Trinidad and Tobago: The entire series will consist of $100, $50, $20, $10, $5 and $1 denominations: $100 has already been issued on 09.12.2019
23) "Caribbean Sea-Horse", Barbados: $10 (Ten Dollars) 1.0 Oz. Gold Bullion Coins & $1 (One Dollar) 1.0 Oz. Silver Bullion Coins minted by the Scottsdale Mint; Year of issue: 2020
24) Cayman Islands, A British Overseas Territory (BOT): A set of identically numbered Banknotes of the presently circulating Banknotes from the "D" Series of Banknotes
Links to some other interesting posts from South American countries & Mexico:
26) A new 100 Boliviano Banknote from Bolivia: issued by the "Banco Centrale de Bolivia" (Central Bank of Bolivia) on 15.01.2019 under its new 2018 Banknote Series
27) Central Bank of Uruguay ("Banco Centrale del Uruguay"): 50th Anniversary (Golden Jubilee) - 1967-2017 - celebrated with the issue of a 50 Peso Commemorative Banknote on 14.09.2018
Links to Posts on Peru::
Links on Machu Picchu on this Blog:
Links to Posts on Republic of Peru:
Links to Posts on Curacao on this Blog:
Links to some other interesting posts from Mexico:
Posts on Colombia:
3) Banknotes and Coinage of Colombia (Prat 1): The evolution of Coinage in Colombia
4) Banknotes and Coinage of Colombia (Part 2): History of evolution of Banknotes in Colombia
Links:
2) Currency & Coinage of Ghana: Cedis & Pesewas
6) Two new Cedi Banknotes of GH200 & GH100 and a GH2 Cedi Coin introduced in 11/2019
Links to other interesting posts on our Ghana visit in 2013:
1) Lake Bosumchwe or Bosumchwi, Ghana
2) El Mina Castle/Fort, Cape Coast, Ghana
3) History of Coinage and Banknotes of Ghana
6) Larabanga mosque and the Mystic Stone
7) Food, Culture and Music of Ghana
9) Oware: The Ancient National Board Game of Ghana
Links:
2) Some ancient coins depicting Greek mythology & history
13) Ancient Greek Theatres, Greece: Hellenic Post has brought out a set of five stamps featuring the Ancient Theatres of Dodona, Nocopolis, Kassope, Amvrakia and Gitana (all in Epirus): Stamp issue date: 08.04.2020
14) "MYRTIS", Greece: A 5 Euro Silver Coin dedicated to an 11 year old girl who was a victim of the PLague of Athens (430-426 BC) issued by the Bank of Greece: Coin issue date: 25.02.2020
For some other interesting posts on Currencies of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, please visit the following links:
18) Sea Motifs, Bahamas: Gold Bullion Coins in the denominations of 100 Dollars (depicting a Blue Marlin) and 250 Dollars (depicting a Conch Shell): Coins issue date: 03.12.2019
19) A new Generation $100 Polymer Banknote, Trinidad and Tobago with enhanced security features to "raise the bar" for counterfeiters & unscrupulous elements: Banknote circulation date: 09.12.2019:
20) Festival di Tumba (Carnival of Curacao), Curacao: "50th Edition of the Curacao Carnival/Festival" held from 27-31.01.2020: A set of six Commemorative Postage Stamps brought out by Cpost (Curacao Post) on 20.02.2020
21) New Polymer Banknotes, Trinidad and Tobago: The entire series will consist of $100, $50, $20, $10, $5 and $1 denominations: $100 has already been issued on 09.12.2019
23) "Caribbean Sea-Horse", Barbados: $10 (Ten Dollars) 1.0 Oz. Gold Bullion Coins & $1 (One Dollar) 1.0 Oz. Silver Bullion Coins minted by the Scottsdale Mint; Year of issue: 2020
24) Cayman Islands, A British Overseas Territory (BOT): A set of identically numbered Banknotes of the presently circulating Banknotes from the "D" Series of Banknotes
Links to some other interesting posts from South American countries & Mexico:
26) A new 100 Boliviano Banknote from Bolivia: issued by the "Banco Centrale de Bolivia" (Central Bank of Bolivia) on 15.01.2019 under its new 2018 Banknote Series
27) Central Bank of Uruguay ("Banco Centrale del Uruguay"): 50th Anniversary (Golden Jubilee) - 1967-2017 - celebrated with the issue of a 50 Peso Commemorative Banknote on 14.09.2018
Links to Posts on Curacao on this Blog:
Interesting Posts from Algeria:
Interesting posts from Sierra Leone:
Links to posts on Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
2) Currency & Coinage of Ghana: Cedis & Pesewas
6) Two new Cedi Banknotes of GH200 & GH100 and a GH2 Cedi Coin introduced in 11/2019
Links to other interesting posts on our Ghana visit in 2013:
1) Lake Bosumchwe or Bosumchwi, Ghana
2) El Mina Castle/Fort, Cape Coast, Ghana
3) History of Coinage and Banknotes of Ghana
6) Larabanga mosque and the Mystic Stone
7) Food, Culture and Music of Ghana
9) Oware: The Ancient National Board Game of Ghana
Interesting posts from Sierra Leone:
Links to posts on Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
New Banknotes of Mozambique:
1) New Banknotes of Mozambique
ZiG: The new currency of Zimbabwe:
1) ZiG: The new Currency of Zimbabwe
Eswatini (Swaziland):
Interesting Posts from Algeria:
Interesting posts from Sierra Leone:
Links to posts on Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
Santosh Khanna has commented:
ReplyDelete"Thanks for sharing this informative post."
Thank you so much, Khanna sahab.
Delete